Table 2.
Summary of traditional exercise included in this review.
| Study author | Study design | Number of studies/subjects | Intervention studied | Relevant outcome | Main finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| An et al., 2008 | Prospective | N = 28 | Baduanjin | WOMAC, SF-36, 6-MWT, Isokinetic Strength of the Knee Extensors (ISKE) and BMI | Relieve pain, reduce stiffness, improve general and emotion health, decrease disability, enhance knee extensors and flexors strength, improve aerobic ability, and lose weight |
| An et al., 2013 | Prospective | N = 28 | Baduanjin | WOMAC, SF-36, 6-MWT, Isokinetic Strength of the Knee Extensors and Flexors (ISKEF), and BMI | Relieve pain, reduce stiffness, improve general and emotion health, decrease disability, enhance knee extensors and flexors strength, improve aerobic ability, and lose weight |
| Chen et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2019a | Multiple mode MRI study | N = 140 | Tai Chi, Baduanjin, stationary cycling, health education | KOOS, functional and structural MRI, and serum biomarkers | Reduce pain, decrease BDNF, IFN-γ, PD-1, and TIM-3, and modulate brain areas known to be involved in the opioidergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems |
| Liu et al., 2019b | Multiple mode MRI study | N = 140 | Tai Chi, Baduanjin, stationary cycling, and health education | KOOS, functional MRI, serum biomarkers | Relieve pain, decrease BDNF, INF-γ, PD-1, and TIM-3, and decreased the rsFC between the bilateral DLPFC and bilateral |
| Lee et al., 2018 | Prospective | N = 182 | Tai Chi, physical therapy exercise | WOMAC, VAS, SF-36, Kellgren and Lawrence grade | Relieve pain, improve physical function |
| Zhang et al., 2020 | Prospective | N = 46 | Tai Chi | Plantar load assessment (peak pressure and maximum force) | Increase plantar loads in forefoot |
| You et al., 2021 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 11 studies | Tai Chi | 6-MWT, TUG test, and WOMAC | Improve dynamic stability and walking capacity |
| Ghandali et al., 2017 | Prospective | N = 20 | Tai Chi | Area and mean velocity of CoP, Postural stability and control | Improve motor control and postural stability |
| Brismee et al., 2007 | RCT | N = 41 | Group and home-based tai chi | VAS, WOMAC, active range of motion for flexion and extension | Reduce pain, improve physical function |
| Hu et al., 2020 | Prospective | N = 52 | Tai Chi | VAS, WOMAC, and knee and ankle proprioception | Reduce pain, improve ankle and knee proprioception |
| Tsai et al., 2013 | Pilot cluster-randomized trial | N = 55 | Tai Chi | WOMAC, Get Up and Go test, Sit-to-Stand test, and Mini-Mental State Examination | Reduce pain, improve stiffness, improve physical function, and improve cognitive function |
| Hu et al., 2021 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 16 studies (N = 986) | Tai Chi | WOMAC, 6-MWT, dynamic balance, and physiological and psychological health | Reduce pain, maintain mobility, enhance muscle strength, enhance range of joint motion, and ameliorate physical and mental health |
| Xiao et al., 2021 | RCT | N = 68 | Wuqinxi | WOMAC, Berg Balance Scale, TUG Test, 6-MWT, 30sCST, and isokinetic muscle strength testing of knee flexion and extension | Decline pain, increase knee extensor strength and Knee flexor strength |
| Xiao et al., 2020 | RCT | N = 98 | Wuqinxi | Berg Balance Scale, TUG Test, 6-MWT, 30sCST, WOMAC, knee extension strength, and knee flexion strength | Decline pain, increase knee extensor strength, and Knee flexor strength |
| Xiao and Li, 2021 | Prospective | N = 284 | Wuqinxi | Limits of stability tests, static posture stability tests, dynamic fall index tests, WOMAC, and SF-36 | Reduce pain, improve balance function, and improve subjective quality of life |
| Cheung et al., 2014 | RCT | N = 36 | Yoga | WOMAC, QoS, QoL, repeated chair stands, balance, and timed 8 foot walk | Reduce pain, decrease stiffness, improve sleep, and improve physical function |
| Moonaz et al., 2015 | RCT | N = 75 | Yoga | SF-36, HRQoL | Increase physical activity, improve physical and mental health, and improve quality of life |
| Longpre et al., 2015 | Prospective | N = 30 | Yoga-based knee strengthening exercises | Muscle Activation, Knee Adduction Moment | Improve leg strength |
| Kuntz et al., 2018 | RCT | N = 31 | Biomechanically-based yoga | KOOS, ICOAP, self-reported physical function, 6-MWT,30sCST, 40 m W, TUG test, stair ascent test, muscle strength, CESD, and HRQoL | Reduce pain, improve physical function, improve quality of life, increase muscle strength, and improve mobility |
BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BMI, body mass index; CoP, Center of Pressure; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; HRQoL: health-related quality of life; INF-γ, interferon-γ; KOOS, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; QoL, quality of life; QoS, quality of sleep; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SF-36, Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey; TIM-3, T-cell Ig-and mucin-domain–containing molecule–3; TUG test, Timed Up and Go test; VAS, Visual Analog Scale; WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; 6-MWT, 6-min walk test; 30sCST, 30 s Chair Stand Test; 40 m W, 40-meter walk; and CESD, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.