Table 1.
Summary of polyamine-related findings in human schizophrenia studies
| No significant differences in the distribution of the genotypes of the SAT-1415 T/C SNP between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls[54]. |
| CFG study identified AZIN 1 as a candidate gene for schizophrenia[55]. |
| DNA microarray and in situ hybridization studies show decreased AZIN 1 expression in schizophrenia. No influence of neuroleptic treatment[56]. |
| OAT expression is reduced in samples of schizophrenia individuals[56,57]. |
| No differently expressed genes implicated in PA metabolism in two large schizophrenia cohorts[58]. |
| PAO activity is lower in blood plasma of acute and chronic schizophrenia patients[59-62]. |
| PAO activity increased in blood sera of schizophrenic patients[64,65], reduction by electroconvulsive therapy[62]. |
| ODC activity and cellular expression is normal in brain autopsy samples from people who suffered from schizophrenia[65,66]. |
| SMOX activity is markedly higher in sera of schizophrenic patients[67]. |
| AMDI and SAT1 activities are unaltered in brain tissue of schizophrenia individuals[65]. |
| Density of AGMAT-containing interneurons is reduced in the hippocampus of schizophrenia patients[43]. |
| Increased ARG activity in the CSF of schizophrenia patients[67]. |
| Increased ARGII activity and protein expression in postmortem brain tissue in schizophrenia[68]. |
| ARG activity is lower in plasma of schizophrenia individuals[71]. |
| Elevated blood concentrations of spermine and/or spermidine in drug-naïve and treated schizophrenia patients[73-75]. |
| Long-term neuroleptic treatment reduces spermine levels[76,77]. |
| Increased concentrations of spermidine and total PA in fibroblasts from schizophrenia patients (reviewed in[11]). |
| PA levels normal in postmortem brain tissue of schizophrenia persons[65]. |
| Elevated levels of spermine, spermidine and putrescine in brains of psychotic individuals[77]. |
| Increased agmatine concentrations in blood plasma and postmortem brains of individuals with first episode and chronic schizophrenia[68,78-80]. |
| Antipsychotic treatment decreases blood agmatine levels[77]. |
| Reduced blood agmatine concentrations in early-onset schizophrenia[81]. |
| Increased concentrations of SAM in brain samples of schizophrenia patients[82]. |
SNP: Singlenucleotide polymorphism; OAT: Ornithine aminotransferase; ODC: Ornithine decarboxylase; SMOX: Spermine oxidase; AGMAT: Agmatinase; AMD: S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase; ARG: Arginase; PA: Polyamines; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; CFG: Convergent functional genomics; SAM: S-adenosylmethionine; SAT1: Spermidine/Spermine N1 acetyltransferase; PAO: Polyamine oxidase; AZIN: Antizyme inhibitor.