. 2021 Dec 29;4(12):e2138438. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.38438

Table 2. Association Between Area Deprivation Index Score, Rurality, and Quality of Diabetes Care^a.

	OR (95% CI)
	All D5 metric components	Glycemic control	Blood pressure control	Lipid control	No tobacco use
ADI score quintile
1 (least deprived)	1 [Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]
2	0.98 (0.91-1.05)	0.99 (0.86-1.13)	1.12 (1.02-1.22)^b	0.94 (0.86-1.02)	0.70 (0.60-0.80)^b
3	0.93 (0.84-1.04)	0.95 (0.83-1.09)	1.19 (1.03-1.38)^b	0.99 (0.87-1.14)	0.54 (0.48-0.61)^b
4	0.84 (0.74-0.97)^b	0.85 (0.74-0.98)^b	1.17 (0.99-1.39)	0.88 (0.78-1.00)^b	0.46 (0.39-0.55)^b
5	0.72 (0.67-0.78)^b	0.78 (0.74-0.84)^b	1.00 (0.82-1.21)	1.12 (1.03-1.22)^b	0.38 (0.31-0.48)^b
Rurality
Urban	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]
Rural	0.84 (0.73-0.97)^b	0.87 (0.75-1.00)	0.82 (0.67-1.01)	0.88 (0.81-0.95)^b	0.95 (0.88-1.03)
Highly rural	0.81 (0.72-0.91)^b	0.90 (0.84-0.98)^b	0.93 (0.75-1.16)	0.83 (0.77-0.89)^b	0.92 (0.78-1.08)
Age, y
18-44	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]
45-64	1.41 (1.27-1.57)^b	1.65 (1.48-1.84)^b	0.95 (0.90-1.01)	0.94 (0.81-1.08)	1.49 (1.39-1.59)^b
65-75	2.49 (2.25-2.76)^b	3.00 (2.51-3.60)^b	1.03 (0.93-1.15)	1.74 (1.51-2.00)^b	3.33 (3.20-3.48)^b
Sex
Female	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]
Male	0.87 (0.83-0.92)^b	0.87 (0.84-0.90)^b	0.84 (0.80-0.89)^b	1.10 (0.98-1.24)	0.69 (0.63-0.75)^b
Race and ethnicity^c
Racial and ethnic minority group^d	0.85 (0.71-1.02)	0.72 (0.61-0.84)^b	0.83 (0.72-0.95)^b	0.76 (0.67-0.85)^b	1.18 (1.02-1.36)^b
White	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]
Coronary artery disease
No history	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]
Present or previous diagnosis	1.04 (0.98-1.09)	1.01 (0.90-1.14)	1.23 (1.18-1.27)^b	3.52 (3.02-4.10)^b	0.76 (0.74-0.78)^b
Practice specialty
Internal medicine	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]	[Referent]
Family medicine	1.04 (0.94-1.16)	1.08 (0.96-1.21)	1.17 (0.87-1.58)	0.89 (0.73-1.09)	0.79 (0.73-0.85)^b
Other^e	1.16 (0.83-1.62)	1.12 (0.93-1.34)	1.24 (0.97-1.59)	1.08 (0.66-1.76)	0.96 (0.74-1.26)

Abbreviations: ADI, area deprivation index; OR, odds ratio.

^{^a}

Multivariable logistic regression analysis examined the association between ADI score, rurality, and achieving the D5 metric components of optimal diabetes care (primary outcome) and meeting the subcriteria of the D5 metric (secondary outcomes) after adjusting for the patient-level demographic and clinical factors in this table.

^{^b}

P < .05.

^{^c}

Race and ethnicity were self-reported by the patient and documented in the electronic health record.

^{^d}

This group comprised African, African American, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Asian (including subcategories that were based on country of origin such as Cambodian, Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, Korean, Laotian, Pakistani, Taiwanese, Thai, and Vietnamese), Black, Caribbean Black, Native Hawaii/Pacific Islander, and Samoan. Those who did not provide race and ethnicity, responded with “other,” or identified 2 or more affiliations were also included. These categories were combined because of the small number of patients representing each category, which would preclude analyses.

^{^e}

Other included mixed team, nursing home, pediatric resident, pediatrics, and women’s health.

Table 2. Association Between Area Deprivation Index Score, Rurality, and Quality of Diabetes Carea.

Table 2. Association Between Area Deprivation Index Score, Rurality, and Quality of Diabetes Care^a.