Table 1. Results of NINDS-ESQ at 12-Month Follow-up and Demographic and Imaging Comparison Between Groups.
| Measure | Self-reported diagnosis, No. (%) | Risk ratio (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative (n = 1452) | Positive (n = 41) | |||
| NINDS-ESQ findings | ||||
| Positive: level 1 | ||||
| 1a: Uncontrolled movement | ||||
| No | 1415 (99.5) | 7 (0.5) | NA | NA |
| Yes | 37 (53.6) | 32 (46.4) | NA | |
| Unknown | 0 | 2 | NA | |
| 1b: Change in mental state or awareness | ||||
| No | 1426 (99.2) | 12 (0.8) | NA | NA |
| Yes | 24 (48.0) | 26 (52.0) | NA | |
| Unknown | 2 | 3 | NA | |
| 1c: Unusual attack | ||||
| No | 1440 (98.9) | 16 (1.1) | NA | NA |
| Yes | 11 (30.6) | 25 (69.4) | NA | |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | NA | |
| 1d: Been told they experienced seizures or epilepsy | ||||
| No | 1432 (99.8) | 3 (0.2) | NA | NA |
| Yes | 19 (33.3) | 38 (66.7) | NA | |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | NA | |
| Screened positive for level 1 | ||||
| No | 1395 (100) | 0 | NA | NA |
| Yes | 57 (58.2) | 41 (41.8) | NA | |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | ||
| Positive: level 2 | ||||
| 2a: Seizure 7 d post-TBI | ||||
| Not asked (level 1 negative) | 1395 (100) | 0 | NA | NA |
| No | 39 (100) | 0 | NA | |
| Yes | 12 (22.6) | 41 (77.4) | NA | |
| Unknown | 6 | 0 | NA | |
| 2c: Post-TBI epilepsy diagnosis | ||||
| Not asked (level 1 negative) | 1395 (100) | 0 | NA | NA |
| No | 49 (100) | 0 | NA | |
| Yes | 7 (14.6) | 41 (85.4) | NA | |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | NA | |
| Participant characteristics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 41.5 (17.6) | 35.4 (13.3) | NA | .06 |
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 974 (97.0) | 30 (3.0) | 1 [Reference] | .50 |
| Women | 478 (97.8) | 11 (2.2) | 0.75 (0.38-1.49) | |
| GCS score on ED admission | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 13.5 (3.3) | 8.1 (4.8) | NA | <.001 |
| Median (IQR) | 15 (14-15) | 7 (3-13.5) | NA | |
| Severe (3-8) | 151 (87.8) | 21 (12.2) | 15.38 (6.30-37.54) | NA |
| Moderate (9-12) | 54 (94.7) | 3 (5.3) | 6.63 (1.70-25.8) | NA |
| Mild (13-15) | ||||
| With hemorrhagic lesion on CT | 445 (98.9) | 5 (1.1) | 1.40 (0.43-4.56) | NA |
| Without hemorrhagic lesion on CT | 750 (99.2) | 6 (0.8) | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| GCS and CT findings unknown | 52 | 6 | ||
| History of mental illness | ||||
| No | 1122 (97.1) | 34 (2.9) | 1 [Reference] | .45 |
| Yes | 330 (97.9) | 7 (2.1) | 0.71 (0.32-1.58) | |
| History of cardiac or pulmonary disease | ||||
| No | 1015 (96.8) | 34 (3.2) | 1 [Reference] | .08 |
| Yes | 437 (98.4) | 7 (1.6) | 0.49 (0.22-1.09) | |
| LOC | ||||
| No | 167 (12.1) | 2 (5.0) | 1 [Reference] | .22 |
| Yes | 1211 (87.9) | 38 (95.0) | 2.57 (0.63-10.6) | |
| Unknown | 74 | 1 | NA | |
| Cause of injury | ||||
| Acceleration or deceleration | ||||
| No | 738 (97.0) | 23 (3.0) | 1 [Reference] | .53 |
| Yes | 713 (97.5) | 18 (2.5) | 0.81 (0.44-1.50) | |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | NA | |
| Crush | ||||
| No | 1435 (97.2) | 41 (2.8) | 1 [Reference] | >.99 |
| Yes | 16 (100) | 0 | 1.05 (0.07-16.3)a | |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | NA | |
| Fall from height >1m | ||||
| No | 1099 (97.2) | 32 (2.8) | 1 [Reference] | .85 |
| Yes | 352 (97.5) | 9 (2.5) | 0.88 (0.42-1.83) | |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | NA | |
| Any high velocity blunt injury | ||||
| No | 530 (96.4) | 20 (3.6) | 1 [Reference] | .14 |
| Yes | 921 (97.8) | 21 (2.2) | 0.61 (0.34-1.12) | |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | NA | |
| Blow to head | ||||
| No | 1135 (97.9) | 24 (2.1) | 1 [Reference] | .007 |
| Yes | 316 (94.9) | 17 (5.1) | 2.47 (1.34-4.53) | |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | NA | |
| Head against object | ||||
| No | 596 (97.7) | 14 (2.3) | 1 [Reference] | .42 |
| Yes | 855 (96.9) | 27 (3.1) | 1.33 (0.71-2.52) | |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | NA | |
| Ground level fall | ||||
| No | 1215 (97.4) | 33 (2.6) | 1 [Reference] | .53 |
| Yes | 236 (96.7) | 8 (3.3) | 1.24 (0.58-2.65) | |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | NA | |
| Any low velocity blunt injury | ||||
| No | 290 (99.3) | 2 (0.7) | 1 [Reference] | .02 |
| Yes | 1161 (96.8) | 39 (3.3) | 4.75 (1.15-19.5) | |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | NA | |
| CT showing intracranial injury | ||||
| No | 777 (99.2) | 6 (0.8) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Yes | 638 (95.1) | 33 (4.9) | 6.42 (2.71-15.2) | |
| Unknown | 37 | 2 | NA | |
| CT result | ||||
| Negative | 777 (99.2) | 6 (0.8) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Positive for intracranial injury without SDH/EDH/IVH | 232 (98.7) | 3 (1.3) | 1.67 (0.42-6.61) | |
| SDH/EDH/IVH | 406 (93.1) | 30 (6.9) | 8.98 (3.77-21.4) | |
| Unknown | 37 | 2 | NA | |
| CT SDH | ||||
| No | 1084 (98.9) | 12 (1.1) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Yes | 324 (92.6) | 26 (7.4) | 6.78 (3.46-13.3) | |
| Unknown | 44 | 3 | NA | |
| CT EDH | ||||
| No | 1305 (97.9) | 28 (2.1) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Yes | 103 (91.2) | 10 (8.8) | 4.21 (2.10-8.45) | |
| Unknown | 44 | 3 | NA | |
| CT SAH | ||||
| No | 971 (99.4) | 6 (0.6) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Yes | 438 (93.2) | 32 (6.8) | 11.09 (4.67-26.33) | |
| Unknown | 43 | 3 | NA | |
| CT contusion | ||||
| No | 1163 (99.0) | 12 (1.0) | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Yes | 245 (90.4) | 26 (9.6) | 9.39 (4.80-18.4) | |
| Unknown | 44 | 3 | NA | |
| CT IVH | ||||
| No | 1359 (97.8) | 31 (2.2) | 1 [Reference] | .001 |
| Yes | 50 (87.7) | 7 (12.3) | 5.51 (2.53-11.97) | |
| Unknown | 43 | 3 | NA | |
| CT hydrocephalus | ||||
| No | 1401 (97.4) | 37 (2.6) | 1 [Reference] | .17 |
| Yes | 6 (85.7) | 1 (14.3) | 5.55 (0.88-35.04) | |
| Unknown | 43 | 3 | NA | |
Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography; EDH, epidural hematoma; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; LOC, loss of consciousness; NA, not applicable; NINDS-ESQ, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Epilepsy Screening Questionnaire; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; SDH, subdural hematoma; TBI, traumatic brain injury.