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. 2021 Nov 22;4(4):e1179. doi: 10.1002/jsp2.1179

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© 2021 The Authors. JOR Spine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Estimation of concentration averages with SD in intervertebral discs (IVDs) of Pfirrmann grades 2–5. Average solute concentrations were calculated using COMSOL Multiphysics for (A1) glucose (mM), (B1) lactate (mM), (C1) oxygen (kPa). COMSOL Multiphysics identified critical solute values in the inner AF for (A2) minimum glucose (B2), maximum lactate (C2) minimum oxygen (* = 0.05, § = 0.005, # = 0.0001). Patients #5, 7, and 18 were outliers. Patients #14 and 20 have larger and small IVD areas, respectively (Figure 7)