Table 1.

Antimicrobial activity of peppermint extract (PME), basil extract (BE), lavender extract (LE), and lemongrass extract (LEE) against tested bacteria and fungi (mean ± SD).

Microorganisms	PME (µg/mL)			BE (µg/mL)			LE (µg/mL)			LEE (µg/mL)
Bacteria	200	400	800	200	400	800	200	400	800	200	400	800
Bacillus cereus	17 ± 0.2b	22 ± 0.1b	26 ± 0.2b	11 ± 0.1ab	15 ± 0.3b	19 ± 0.3b	12 ± 0.1b	16 ± 0.6b	21 ± 0.6b	14 ± 0.1b	16 ± 0.7b	21 ± 0.2b
Staphylococcus aureus	19 ± 0.3a	25 ± 0.2a	28 ± 0.1a	12 ± 0.2a	17 ± 0.4a	21 ± 0.1a	14 ± 0.4a	18 ± 0.4a	23 ± 0.2a	16 ± 0.3a	19 ± 0.2a	24 ± 0.2a
Listeria monocytogenes	16 ± 0.4bc	21 ± 0.3bc	24 ± 0.4c	10 ± 0.5b	14 ± 0.1bc	18 ± 0.2bc	11 ± 0.3bc	15 ± 0.1bc	19 ± 0.1c	13 ± 0.4bc	15 ± 0.3bc	20 ± 0.1c
Escherichia coli	14 ± 0.1 cd	17 ± 0.4d	20 ± 0.8e	9 ± 0.2c	12 ± 0.8 cd	16 ± 0.4 cd	9 ± 0.5 cd	13 ± 0.2 cd	16 ± 0.3de	11 ± 0.5 cd	13 ± 0.5 cd	18 ± 0.4d
Klebsiella pneumonia	15 ± 0.5c	20 ± 0.8c	22 ± 0.9d	10 ± 0.9bc	13 ± 0.4c	17 ± 0.3c	10 ± 0.2c	14 ± 0.3c	17 ± 0.4d	12 ± 0.6c	14 ± 0.1c	19 ± 0.5 cd
Salmonella typhi	13 ± 0.8d	16 ± 0.7e	19 ± 0.1f	8 ± 0.5c	11 ± 0.3d	14 ± 0.6d	9 ± 0.4d	12 ± 0.4d	15 ± 0.3e	10 ± 0.1d	12 ± 0.4d	17 ± 0.7e
Fungi
Candida gelbeta	14 ± 0.7d	18 ± 0.5d	21 ± 0.5d	11 ± 0.2c	13 ± 0.4d	18 ± 0.3e	12 ± 0.2c	15 ± 0.5d	17 ± 0.1d	16 ± 0.3 cd	20 ± 0.2 cd	25 ± 0.3 cd
Candida tropicalis	16 ± 0.5bc	20 ± 0.1c	23 ± 0.2 cd	12 ± 0.1bc	16 ± 0.8bc	20 ± 0.5 cd	14 ± 0.3bc	16 ± 0.1 cd	19 ± 0.2 cd	18 ± 0.2bc	21 ± 0.3c	24 ± 0.2d
Candida albicans	17 ± 0.4b	23 ± 0.5b	26 ± 0.4b	15 ± 0.4a	18 ± 0.4ab	22 ± 0.1ab	16 ± 0.4ab	19 ± 0.2b	22 ± 0.4b	19 ± 0.5b	23 ± 0.1b	26 ± 0.4c
Aspergillus niger	12 ± 0.1e	15 ± 0.8e	19 ± 0.2e	10 ± 0.1d	14 ± 0.3c	19 ± 0.2d	11 ± 0.2d	14 ± 0.4e	16 ± 0.6e	14 ± 0.8d	18 ± 0.4d	21 ± 0.1e
Aspergillus fumigatus	19 ± 0.2a	25 ± 0.1a	30 ± 0.4a	15 ± 0.2a	19 ± 0.5a	23 ± 0.4a	17 ± 0.5a	21 ± 0.6a	25 ± 0.2a	21 ± 0.2a	25 ± 0.2a	30 ± 0.3a
Aspergillus flavus	15 ± 0.4c	19 ± 0.4 cd	24 ± 0.3c	13 ± 0.6b	17 ± 0.2b	21 ± 0.7b	15 ± 0.6b	17 ± 0.9c	20 ± 0.3c	17 ± 0.3c	22 ± 0.5bc	28 ± 0.4b

Means with different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference (p ≤ 0.05)