Table 2. Event Rates, Cumulative Incidence Estimates, and Hazard Ratios in Patients in the Surgical vs Control Group.
| COVID-19–related outcome | Surgical group (n = 2958) | Control group (n = 8851) | HR (95% CI)b | P valueb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event rate, No. (%)a | Crude rate in patients with COVID-19, % | Cumulative incidence at 12 mo (95% CI), % | Event rate, No. (%)a | Crude rate in patients with COVID-19, % | Cumulative incidence at 12 mo (95% CI), % | |||
| Positive SARS-CoV-2 test result | 206 (7.0) | NA | 9.1 (7.9-10.3) | 578 (6.5) | NA | 8.7 (8.0-9.3) | 1.03 (0.87-1.22) | .71 |
| Hospitalization | 32 (1.1) | 15.5 | 1.4 (0.9-1.9) | 163 (1.8) | 28.2 | 2.4 (2.1-2.8) | 0.51 (0.35-0.76) | <.001 |
| Need for supplemental oxygen | 19 (0.6) | 9.2 | 0.8 (0.5-1.2) | 129 (1.5) | 22.3 | 1.9 (1.6-2.3) | 0.37 (0.23-0.61) | <.001 |
| Severe COVID-19 infectionc | 8 (0.3) | 3.9 | 0.4 (0.1-0.7) | 54 (0.6) | 9.3 | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | 0.40 (0.18-0.86) | .02 |
| Death | 2 (0.1) | 1.0 | 0.1 (0-0.3) | 21 (0.2) | 3.6 | 0.3 (0.2-0.4) | 0.27 (0.06-1.20) | .09 |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; NA, not applicable.
a
Events occurred in a 12-month period, from March 1, 2020, to March 1, 2021, starting from the first COVID-19 diagnosis in the Cleveland Clinic Health System in March 2020.
b
HRs (95% CIs) and P values were from adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models that compared the relative instantaneous risk of each outcome for the surgical vs control group. All baseline variables in Table 1 were adjusted for potential confounding.
c
Composite of intensive care unit admission, need for mechanical ventilation, or death.