FIG. 1.

I/O bioelectronic interfaces. (a) Schematic of the whole-cell patch-clamp technique for recording cellular electrophysiology. (b) Electrical equivalent circuit of the (I) cell–MEA and (II) cell–FET interfaces. R_J, R_NJ, R_seal, and R_e represent junctional, non-junctional, seal, and electrode resistances, respectively. C_J, C_NJ, C_coupling, and C_e represent junctional, non-junctional, coupling, and electrode capacitances, respectively. V_J, V_SD, V_G, V_rec, and I_SD represent junctional voltage across the cleft, source–drain voltage, gate voltage, recorded voltage, and source–drain current, respectively. RE represents reference electrode.