Figure 1. Biological relationships among different omics data and association with clinical phenotype. For example, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and copy number variation (CNV) at the genome level; gene expression (mRNA) at the transcriptome level; proteins at the proteome level. Gene expression is affected by epigenetic modification, such as DNA methylation, microRNA, and long non-coding RNA. At the same time, posttranslational modification (PTM) also influences the activity of different proteins.
