Table 2.
Effects on primary and secondary endpoints (intention‐to‐treat analysis)
| Variable | Parameter estimate (95% confidence interval) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT vs. AC | P a | RT vs. AC | P a | CT vs. AC | P a | Overall P a | |
| Primary endpoint | |||||||
| VO2peak (mL O2·kg−1·min−1) | 1.1 (0, 2.2) | 0.04 | −0.1 (−1.2, 1) | 0.88 | 1.4 (0.2, 2.5) | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Secondary endpoints | |||||||
| Resting cardiopulmonary function | |||||||
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 2.1 (−2.8, 7.1) | 0.39 | 2.7 (−2.4, 7.7) | 0.30 | −0.8 (−5.9, 4.3) | 0.75 | 0.48 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.7 (−5.1, 8.6) | 0.62 | 2.6 (−4.3, 9.4) | 0.46 | −1.6 (−8.7, 5.5) | 0.65 | 0.64 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.4 (−4.3, 5.2) | 0.86 | 0.1 (−4.6, 4.8) | 0.96 | −0.6 (−5.5, 4.3) | 0.80 | 0.98 |
| Peak cardiopulmonary function | |||||||
| VO2peak (L.min−1) | 0.1 (0, 0.1) | 0.09 | 0 (−0.1, 0.1) | 0.82 | 0.1 (0, 0.2) | 0.005 | 0.02 |
| Respiratory exchange ratio | 0 (0, 0.1) | 0.19 | 0 (−0.1, 0) | 0.46 | 0 (−0.1, 0) | 0.30 | 0.10 |
| Ventilation (L.min−1) | 4.0 (0.1, 7.9) | 0.04 | −0.7 (−4.6, 3.2) | 0.73 | 4.2 (0.1, 8.2) | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 7.2 (1.7, 12.8) | 0.01 | 1.4 (−4.2, 6.9) | 0.63 | 3.3 (−2.5, 9) | 0.26 | 0.06 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 4.2 (−5.7, 14.2) | 0.40 | 3.8 (−6.3, 13.9) | 0.46 | 4.3 (−6.5, 15) | 0.43 | 0.82 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.7 (−3.6, 7) | 0.53 | 2.2 (−3, 7.5) | 0.40 | 3.0 (−2.7, 8.7) | 0.29 | 0.75 |
| Strength | |||||||
| 1‐RM leg press (lb) | 5.3 (−15.1, 25.7) | 0.61 | 24.2 (4.1, 44.4) | 0.02 | 16.5 (−4.4, 37.3) | 0.12 | 0.08 |
| 1‐RM chest press (lb) | −0.6 (−13.4, 12.3) | 0.93 | 20.4 (8.2, 32.6) | <0.001 | 6.0 (−6.6, 18.7) | 0.34 | 0.003 |
| 1‐RM seated row (lb) | −7.6 (−15.6, 0.5) | 0.06 | 7.7 (0.1, 15.3) | 0.04 | 3.7 (−4.2, 11.5) | 0.36 | 0.001 |
| Body weight and composition | |||||||
| Weight (kg) | 1.1 (0, 2.3) | 0.06 | 0.6 (−0.6, 1.7) | 0.33 | 0.2 (−0.9, 1.4) | 0.71 | 0.25 |
| Lean body mass (%) | −1.0 (−2.8, 0.9) | 0.29 | 1.6 (−0.2, 3.4) | 0.08 | 1.1 (−0.8, 3) | 0.25 | 0.03 |
| Fat mass (%) | 1.0 (−0.9, 2.8) | 0.30 | −1.6 (−3.4, 0.2) | 0.08 | −1.1 (−3, 0.8) | 0.24 | 0.03 |
| PROs | |||||||
| FACT‐L (0–136) | 2.5 (−2.9, 7.9) | 0.36 | −2.0 (−7.1, 3.2) | 0.46 | −0.4 (−5.9, 5.2) | 0.90 | 0.42 |
| FACT‐G total (0–108) | 1.7 (−4.3, 7.8) | 0.57 | −0.8 (−6.6, 5.1) | 0.80 | −1.1 (−7.4, 5.1) | 0.72 | 0.79 |
| Physical well‐being (0–28) | 0 (−1.4, 1.4) | 0.98 | 0.1 (−1.3, 1.5) | 0.92 | −1.2 (−2.6, 0.3) | 0.11 | 0.27 |
| Social well‐being (0–28) | 1.4 (−0.9, 3.7) | 0.22 | −0.7 (−3, 1.5) | 0.52 | 0.8 (−1.6, 3.2) | 0.50 | 0.27 |
| Emotional well‐being (0–24) | −0.7 (−2.7, 1.3) | 0.50 | −0.8 (−2.7, 1.2) | 0.45 | −0.3 (−2.4, 1.7) | 0.75 | 0.87 |
| Functional well‐being (0–28) | 2.0 (−0.4, 4.5) | 0.10 | −1.1 (−3.4, 1.3) | 0.37 | 1.0 (−1.4, 3.5) | 0.41 | 0.06 |
| FACIT‐Fatigue (0–52) | −1.7 (−3.8, 0.4) | 0.11 | 0.1 (−2, 2.2) | 0.93 | −0.5 (−2.7, 1.7) | 0.64 | 0.32 |
| Pain (0–10) | −0.3 (−0.8, 0.3) | 0.37 | 0.2 (−0.4, 0.7) | 0.52 | −0.3 (−0.8, 0.3) | 0.39 | 0.34 |
| Sleep (0–28) | −1.1 (−2.6, 0.4) | 0.16 | 0.3 (−1.2, 1.9) | 0.66 | −0.8 (−2.4, 0.8) | 0.33 | 0.22 |
AC, attention control; ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; AT, aerobic training; CT, combination training; FACIT, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy; FACT‐G, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—General; FACT‐L, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Lung; PROs, patient‐reported outcomes; RM, repetition maximum; RT, resistance training.
Data presented as parameter estimate (95% confidence interval) as estimated from ANCOVA model with outcome of change adjusted for baseline value and age, body mass index, and co‐morbidities (coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and hypertension).
P‐value from ANCOVA model with outcome of change adjusted for baseline factors.