Table 7.
Effect of the 6 month exercise programme on secondary outcomes
| Variables | Control (n = 23) | Exercise (n = 23) | 6 month ANCOVAs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Final | Baseline | Final | Between‐group differences a | P for interaction | |
| Renal outcomes | ||||||
| Average Cr and urea Cl (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 23.5 ± 5.8 | 22.1 ± 5.8 | 25.7 ± 7.5 | 25.3 ± 9.5 | 1.38 ± 1.72 | 0.4 |
| Ln urine albumin (mg/day) | 5.58 ± 1.74 | 5.76 ± 1.81 | 5.76 ± 2.10 | 5.70 ± 9.5 | −0.24 ± 0.18 | 0.2 |
| Ln urine L‐FABP (μg/day) | 2.62 ± 1.08 | 3.18 ± 1.24 | 2.95 ± 1.52 | 2.90 ± 1.56 | −0.579 ± 0.217 | 0.008 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 3.73 ± 0.26 | 3.71 ± 0.25 | 3.72 ± 0.56 | 3.73 ± 0.52 | 0.031 ± 0.081 | 0.7 |
| Ln CRP (mg/L) | 0.18 ± 1.58 | 0.57 ± 1.47 | −0.62 ± 1.23 | −0.85 ± 0.96 | −1.13 ± 0.35 | 0.003 |
| Ln IL‐6 (pg/mL) | 1.15 ± 0.71 | 1.31 ± 0.82 | 0.94 ± 0.80 | 0.92 ± 0.65 | −0.258 ± 0.177 | 0.2 |
| Haemoglobin A1c (%) | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 6.0 ± 0.6 | 6.3 ± 1.8 | 0.27 ± 0.36 | 0.5 |
| Glycated albumin (%) | 16.0 ± 2.9 | 15.8 ± 2.6 | 14.8 ± 2.4 | 14.8 ± 2.4 | −0.10 ± 0.40 | 0.8 |
| Ln HOMA‐IR | 1.15 ± 0.89 | 1.01 ± 1.08 | 1.07 ± 0.80 | 0.97 ± 0.87 | −0.014 ± 0.234 | 0.9 |
| Muscle strength | ||||||
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 25.3 ± 7.7 | 26.2 ± 5.9 | 30.0 ± 8.6 | 29.3 ± 8.5 | −0.76 ± 0.77 | 0.3 |
| Quadriceps strength (kg) | 25.2 ± 9.9 | 23.6 ± 8.7 | 29.3 ± 12.8 | 29.5 ± 12.1 | 2.97 ± 2.01 | 0.1 |
| Anthropometric data | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.0 ± 4.3 | 23.4 ± 4.4 | 24.7 ± 4.6 | 24.7 ± 4.8 | −0.27 ± 0.32 | 0.4 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89.9 ± 12.5 | 90.1 ± 12.4 | 95.5 ± 11.2 | 94.0 ± 11.2 | −0.56 ± 2.27 | 0.8 |
| Leg circumference (cm) | 33.7 ± 3.6 | 34.6 ± 3.43 | 36.6 ± 4.3 | 36.8 ± 4.9 | −0.56 ± 0.55 | 0.3 |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 7.70 ± 1.29 | 7.78 ± 1.53 | 8.74 ± 1.77 | 8.89 ± 1.84 | 0.122 ± 0.274 | 0.7 |
| UESMI (kg/m2) | 1.27 ± 0.28 | 1.26 ± 0.24 | 1.43 ± 0.39 | 1.42 ± 0.43 | 0.038 ± 0.066 | 0.6 |
| LESMI (kg/m2) | 6.43 ± 1.10 | 6.52 ± 1.44 | 7.31 ± 1.52 | 7.48 ± 1.58 | 0.119 ± 0.271 | 0.7 |
| ECW/ICW | 0.662 ± 0.028 | 0.661 ± 0.034 | 0.672 ± 0.040 | 0.673 ± 0.049 | 0.004 ± 0.010 | 0.7 |
| Phase angle | 4.90 ± 0.71 | 4.91 ± 0.66 | 4.89 ± 0.91 | 4.85 ± 1.00 | −0.052 ± 0.141 | 0.7 |
| Arterial stiffness/BMD | ||||||
| baPWV (m/s) | 17.9 ± 3.8 | 17.4 ± 3.0 | 16.8 ± 2.9 | 16.4 ± 2.8 | −48.6 ± 68.1 | 0.7 |
| BMD (g/cm2) | 1.17 ± 0.19 | 1.17 ± 0.20 | 1.26 ± 0.29 | 1.26 ± 0.30 | −0.009 ± 0.032 | 0.8 |
| Exploratory outcomes | ||||||
| Free carnitine (μmol/L) | 48.1 ± 10.9 | 48.9 ± 8.4 | 51.9 ± 10.6 | 53.4 ± 11.0 | 2.19 ± 2.23 | 0.3 |
| AC/FC | 0.34 ± 0.11 | 0.39 ± 0.10 | 0.36 ± 0.13 | 0.33 ± 0.08 | −0. 058 ± 0.024 | 0.01 |
AC/FC, acylcarnitine to free carnitine ratio; ANCOVAs, analyses of covariance; baPWV, brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity; BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; Cl, clearance; Cr, creatinine; CRP, C‐reactive protein; ECW/ICW, extracellular water to intracellular water ratio; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; LESMI, lower extremity skeletal mass index; L‐FABP, liver‐type fatty acid‐binding protein; Ln, natural log transformed; SMI, skeletal mass index; UESMI, upper extremity skeletal mass index.
Differences of the serial changes in the exercise group as compared with that in the control group. Values are given as mean ± standard error.