Table 1.
Participant characteristics in the derivation cohort and validation cohort
| Overall (n = 2721) | Derivation cohort (n = 1778) | Validation cohort (n = 943) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Missing | Missing | Missing | P | ||||
| Age (years) | 0 | 76 [67–83] | 0 | 76 [67–83] | 0 | 76 [68–83] | 0.870 |
| Men (%) | 0 | 60.5 | 0 | 60.6 | 0 | 60.4 | 0.948 |
| Past HF hospitalization | 0 | 29.7 | 0 | 29.7 | 0 | 29.6 | 0.952 |
| SBP at discharge | 6 | 112 [100–125] | 4 | 111 [100–124] | 2 | 113 [100–127] | 0.086 |
| DBP at discharge | 6 | 64 [55–72] | 4 | 63 [55–72] | 2 | 64 [56–73] | 0.672 |
| HR at discharge | 8 | 73 [64–82] | 5 | 73 [64–83] | 3 | 73 [64–82] | 0.879 |
| Main aetiology | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Ischemic (%) | 26.9 | 26.4 | 27.7 | 0.825 | |||
| Arrhythmic (%) | 17.5 | 17.6 | 17.3 | ||||
| Valvular (%) | 17.1 | 17.4 | 16.3 | ||||
| Cardiomyopathy (%) | 14.0 | 13.9 | 14.1 | ||||
| Hypertensive (%) | 10.4 | 10.8 | 9.7 | ||||
| Others (%) | 14.1 | 13.9 | 14.9 | ||||
| Af at hospitalization (%) | 0 | 35.2 | 0 | 36.1 | 0 | 33.5 | 0.186 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Diabetes (%) | 0 | 34.9 | 0 | 35.9 | 0 | 33.1 | 0.240 |
| Cardiac surgery (%) | 0 | 12.2 | 0 | 12.3 | 0 | 11.9 | 0.738 |
| Cancer (%) | 0 | 7.2 | 0 | 7.1 | 0 | 7.5 | 0.912 |
| COPD (%) | 0 | 5.7 | 0 | 5.6 | 0 | 6.0 | 0.300 |
| Orthopaedic disease (%) | 0 | 4.7 | 0 | 4.7 | 0 | 4.7 | 0.899 |
| Stroke (%) | 0 | 1.3 | 0 | 1.3 | 0 | 1.3 | 0.756 |
| Biochemical data at discharge | |||||||
| High BNP level (%) | 44 | 61.6 | 26 | 61.5 | 18 | 61.9 | 0.811 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1 | 1.08 [0.84–1.42] | 1 | 1.07 [0.84–1.40] | 0 | 1.09 [0.85–1.46] | 0.342 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 1 | 47 [34–61] | 1 | 47 [34–62] | 0 | 47 [34–61] | 0.414 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 0 | 139 [137–141] | 0 | 139 [137–141] | 0 | 140 [138–141] | 0.221 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 34 | 3.6 [3.3–3.9] | 23 | 3.6 [3.3–3.9] | 11 | 3.6 [3.3–3.9] | 0.291 |
| Anaemia (%) | 6 | 57.7 | 4 | 57.0 | 2 | 59.0 | |
| hs‐CRP (mg/dL) | 74 | 0.28 [0.10–0.80] | 51 | 0.29 [0.10–0.80] | 23 | 0.26 [0.10–0.80] | 0.702 |
| LVEF at discharge (%) | 58 | 39 | 19 | ||||
| <40% | 38.0 | 38.4 | 37.4 | 0.822 | |||
| 40–50% | 17.6 | 17.3 | 18.2 | ||||
| ≥50% | 44.4 | 44.3 | 44.4 | ||||
| Prescription at discharge | |||||||
| Beta blocker (%) | 0 | 74.6 | 0 | 74.2 | 0 | 75.3 | 0.549 |
| HFrEF (<40%) | 88.7 | 88.1 | 89.9 | 0.371 | |||
| HFpEF (≥50%) | 62.5 | 62.5 | 62.4 | 0.979 | |||
| ACEi/ARB (%) | 0 | 63.0 | 0 | 62.4 | 0 | 64.3 | 0.331 |
| HFrEF (<40%) | 71.1 | 70.8 | 71.7 | 0.762 | |||
| HFpEF (≥50%) | 56.7 | 55.3 | 59.5 | 0.160 | |||
| MRA (%) | 0 | 42.1 | 0 | 42.7 | 0 | 40.9 | 0.377 |
| HFrEF (<40%) | 52.6 | 52.5 | 52.9 | 0.900 | |||
| HFpEF (≥50%) | 32.9 | 33.7 | 31.5 | 0.432 | |||
| ≥1 of ACEi, ARB, or MRA (%) | 0 | 76.8 | 0 | 76.6 | 0 | 77.2 | 0.725 |
| HFrEF (<40%) | 85.3 | 84.9 | 86.1 | 0.588 | |||
| HFpEF (≥50%) | 69.3 | 69.0 | 69.8 | 0.789 | |||
| Diuretic (%) | 0 | 81.3 | 0 | 81.5 | 0 | 80.9 | 0.710 |
| Oral inotropic agent (%) | 0 | 11.2 | 0 | 11.1 | 0 | 11.2 | 0.934 |
| Statin (%) | 0 | 37.4 | 0 | 36.2 | 0 | 39.6 | 0.087 |
| Anticoagulant (%) | 0 | 47.8 | 0 | 48.0 | 0 | 47.3 | 0.715 |
| MMSE (points) | 51 | 27 [25–30] | 29 | 27 [25–29] | 22 | 27 [25–30] | 0.594 |
| Depression (%) | 8 | 41.1 | 4 | 40.6 | 4 | 41.9 | 0.542 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0 | 21.9 [19.6–24.6] | 0 | 21.9 [19.6–24.7] | 0 | 21.9 [19.7–24.5] | 0.966 |
| Walking speed (m/s) | 0 | 0.97 [0.78–1.15] | 0 | 0.97 [0.78–1.15] | 0 | 0.97 [0.78–1.15] | 0.721 |
| Grip strength | |||||||
| Men (kg) | 0 | 29.6 [23.9–35.9] | 0 | 29.7 [23.8–36.3] | 0 | 29.3 [24.1–35.3] | 0.555 |
| Women (kg) | 0 | 17 [14.2–20.2] | 0 | 16.8 [14.1–19.9] | 0 | 17.2 [14.2–20.6] | 0.100 |
| PMADL‐8 (points) | 0 | 20 [15–24] | 0 | 20 [15–24] | 0 | 20 [15–24] | 0.999 |
| SEW‐7 (points) | 0 | 18 [13–24] | 0 | 18 [13–24] | 0 | 19 [13–24] | 0.831 |
| Length of stay (days) | 0 | 16 [12–24] | 0 | 16 [12–24] | 0 | 16 [12–26] | 0.163 |
ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; Af, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HF, heart failure; HR, heart rate; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; MRA, mineral corticoid antagonist; PMADL‐8, Performance Measure for Activities of Daily Living‐8; SEW‐7, Self‐Efficacy for Walking‐7.
High BNP level was defined as BNP ≥ 200 pg/mL or N‐terminal pro BNP ≥ 900 pg/mL. Anaemia is defined as haemoglobin <13 g/dL for men and <12 g/dL for women. Depression is defined as 5‐item Geriatric Depression Scale ≥ 2 points