Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of individuals without BADL and IADL disability frailty of ELSA (2004–05)
| BADL | IADL | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n = 729) 47.9% | Women (n = 793) 52.1% | Total (n = 1.522) | Men (n = 764) 49.4% | Women (n = 784) 50.6% | Total (n = 1.548) | |
| Clinical conditions | ||||||
| Stroke (yes), % | 2.9 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 2.1 |
| Heart disease (yes), % | 21.8 | 16.9 | 19.2 | 22.0 | 17.0 | 19.4 |
| Cancer (yes), % | 6.7 | 8.3 | 7.6 | 6.4 | 8.3 | 7.4 |
| Lung disease (yes), % | 13.3 | 14.2 | 13.8 | 13.5 | 14.0 | 13.8 |
| Joint disease (yes), % | 23.5* | 32.3* | 28.1 | 24.2* | 33.3* | 28.8 |
| Osteoporosis (yes), % | 1.5* | 8.9* | 5.4 | 1.6* | 8.7* | 5.2 |
| Falls (yes), % | 16.2* | 30.0* | 23.4 | 17.0* | 29.8* | 23.4 |
| Dementia (yes), % | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Hypertension (yes), % | 73.5 | 72.4 | 72.9 | 74.5 | 72.1 | 73.3 |
| Diabetes (yes), % | 8.8 | 6.2 | 7.4 | 9.7 | 6.0 | 7.8 |
| Perception of hearing, % | ||||||
| Good | 76.2* | 87.8* | 82.2 | 76.3* | 88.3* | 82.4 |
| Fair | 19.6* | 10.6* | 14.9 | 19.9* | 9.9* | 14.8 |
| Poor | 4.2* | 1.6* | 2.9 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 2.8 |
| Perception of vision, % | ||||||
| Good | 94.4 | 93.3 | 93.8 | 93.7 | 93.2 | 93.5 |
| Fair | 4.5 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.5 |
| Poor | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.0 |
| Depressive symptoms, % | ||||||
| No | 98.5 | 97.5 | 98.0 | 98.8 | 97.3 | 98.1 |
| Yes | 1.1 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 1.6 |
| Not declared | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Mean recall score, points (SD) | 9.9 ± 2.9* | 10.7 ± 3.2* | 10.3 ± 3.1 | 9.9 ± 2.9* | 10.8 ± 3.1* | 10.3 ± 3.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2), % | ||||||
| Normal weight (≥18.5 and <25) | 25.2* | 34.7* | 30.2 | 24.2* | 33.3* | 28.8 |
| Overweight (≥25 and <30) | 54.3* | 41.6* | 47.7 | 53.2* | 42.2* | 47.6 |
| Obesity (≥30) | 20.5 | 23.7 | 22.1 | 22.6 | 24.5 | 23.6 |
BADL, basic activities of daily living; BMI, body mass index; CES‐D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; ELSA, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.
Data expressed as mean, standard deviation, and proportion.
*
Significant difference between sexes (P < 0.05, χ 2test).