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. 2021 Oct 3;12(6):1925–1939. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12794

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© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society on Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction was not observed in acute IR. (A) Representative haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐liver sections from CD, HFD‐S, and HFD‐L mice. Hepatic lipid profiles, including total lipid content (B), total cholesterol (TC, C), and triglyceride (TG, D). (E) Citrate synthase activity in liver tissues from CD, HFD‐S, and HFD‐L groups. (F) Total ATP content in liver tissues. (G) The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content calculated as the ratio of COX5 to Cyclophilin A DNA levels measured by quantitative PCR in liver tissues. (H) Mitochondrial morphology imaged by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). (I) Complex‐dependent respiration determined by electron flow assay in mitochondrial proteins. (J) OCR quantification to measure complex‐dependent respiration. (K) OXPHOS complex expression in liver tissues. (L) Complex I activity in liver tissues. (M) Expressions of PGC1 and PPARδ measured by western blot.