Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants
| Outcomes | RYGB (n = 40) | RYGB+ET (n = 40) | P value | Healthy lean control group (n = 20) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 42 ± 8 | 38 ± 7 | 0.0719 | 38 ± 6 |
| Body composition | ||||
| Body mass, kg | 124.6 ± 21.4 | 127.0 ± 22.0 | 0.6159 | 63.1 ± 5.5 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 47.4 ± 7.6 | 48.9 ± 6.5 | 0.3533 | 21.8 ± 1.4 |
| Fat mass, kg | 62.9 ± 14.9 | 65.5 ± 14.2 | 0.4314 | 15.6 ± 3.0 |
| Fat‐free mass, kg | 56.6 ± 6.9 | 56.2 ± 7.2 | 0.8504 | 41.4 ± 6.5 |
| Lower‐limb fat‐free mass, kg | 20.9 ± 3.8 | 21.5 ± 3.5 | 0.5237 | 14.0 ± 1.6 |
| Upper‐limb fat‐free mass, kg | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 0.2396 | 4.3 ± 0.9 |
| Medication | ||||
| β‐blockers, n (%) | 5 (12.5) | 4 (10.0) | >0.9999 | ‐ |
| Metformin, n (%) | 5 (12.5) | 6 (15.0) | >0.9999 | ‐ |
| Insulin, n (%) | 5 (12.5) | 2 (5.0) | 0.4315 | ‐ |
| ACE inibitor, n (%) | 5 (12.5) | 7 (17.5) | 0.7555 | ‐ |
| Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 1 (2.5) | 2 (5.0) | >0.9999 | ‐ |
| Angiotensin II receptor antagonism, n (%) | 9 (22.5) | 8 (20.0) | >0.9999 | ‐ |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 10 (25.0) | 11 (27.5) | >0.9999 | ‐ |
| Muscle function | ||||
| 1‐RM leg‐press, kg | 190 ± 60 | 201 ± 56 | 0.4337 | 177 ± 37 |
| 1‐RM leg‐press, kg/body mass | 1.5 ± 0.49 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 0.6283 | 2.9 ± 0.5 |
| 1‐RM bench‐press, kg | 36 ± 8 | 38 ± 8 | 0.4198 | 33 ± 12 |
| 1‐RM bench‐press, kg/body mass | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.7625 | 0.5 ± 0.2 |
| Timed‐up‐and‐go, s | 7.6 ± 1.1 | 7.4 ± 1.0 | 0.6339 | 4.7 ± 0.4 |
| Timed‐stands, reps | 13 ± 2 | 14 ± 2 | 0.0820 | 22 ± 2 |
| Physical activity level | ||||
| Sedentary behaviour, min/day | 538 ± 110 | 588 ± 162 | 0.3006 | 587 ± 82 |
| Sedentary behaviour, %/day | 65 ± 10 | 67 ± 10 | 0.5560 | 67 ± 5 |
| MVPA, min/day | 26 ± 13 | 37 ± 28 | 0.1745 | 57 ± 22 |
| MVPA, %/day | 3 ± 2 | 4 ± 3 | 0.2170 | 6 ± 2 |
| Cardiorespiratory fitness | ||||
| VAT, mL/kg/min | 8.6 ± 1.72 | 9.6 ± 2.4 | 0.2020 | 16.5 ± 5.2 |
| RCP, mL/kg/min | 13.8 ± 2.21 | 14.0 ± 2.4 | 0.6839 | 27.5 ± 6.6 |
| VO2 peak, mL/kg/min | 15.5 ± 2.7 | 15.8 ± 2.3 | 0.5453 | 33.2 ± 6.8 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or number of patients (%). 1‐RM: maximal dynamic strength; ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; MVPA, moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity; RCP, respiratory compensation point; RYGB + ET: Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass plus exercise training group; RYGB: Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass plus non‐exercise group; VAT, ventilatory anaerobic threshold; VO2 peak, peak oxygen uptake.