Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with cachexia
| Features | Univariate analysis (N = 1030) | Multivariate analysis (N = 780) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | (95% CI) | P value | OR | (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age | 1.00 | (0.98–1.02) | 0.822 | ― | ||
| Gender, ref. female | 0.69 | (0.54–0.89) | 0.004 | ― | ||
| Family situation, ref. single | 1.00 | 0.263 | ― | |||
| Married/cohabiting | 1.57 | (0.95–2.58) | 0.075 | ― | ||
| Divorced | 1.24 | (0.62–2.46) | 0.544 | ― | ||
| Widowed | 1.35 | (0.81–2.25) | 0.246 | ― | ||
| Hospitalized patients vs. outpatients | 1.97 | (1.51–2.57) | <0.0001 | ― | ||
| Cancer site, ref. colorectal | 1.00 | <0.0001 | 1.00 | <0.0001 | ||
| Breast | 0.25 | (0.16–0.40) | <0.0001 | 0.22 | (0.12–0.39) | <0.0001 |
| Upper gastrointestinal tract a | 1.95 | (1.18–3.22) | 0.009 | 1.94 | (0.99–3.78) | 0.052 |
| Lung | 1.06 | (0.64–1.77) | 0.820 | 0.99 | (0.51–1.93) | 0.983 |
| Gynaecological | 0.42 | (0.25–0.71) | 0.001 | 0.27 | (0.13–0.53) | <0.0001 |
| Urinary tract | 0.47 | (0.28–0.80) | 0.005 | 0.29 | (0.14–0.58) | <0.0001 |
| Prostate | 0.62 | (0.36–1.07) | 0.081 | 0.55 | (0.27–1.14) | 0.106 |
| Haematological | 0.62 | (0.34–1.16) | 0.136 | 0.31 | (0.13–0.71) | 0.006 |
| Skin | 0.38 | (0.19–0.75) | 0.006 | 0.21 | (0.09–0.53) | <0.0001 |
| Head and neck | 0.70 | (0.35–1.43) | 0.328 | 0.56 | (0.23–1.37) | 0.207 |
| Other b | 0.51 | (0.27–0.98) | 0.042 | 0.18 | (0.07–0.41) | <0.0001 |
| Metastasis (yes vs. no) | 1.66 | (1.29–2.13) | <0.0001 | 1.44 | (1.01–2.05) | 0.047 |
| Cancer treatment in previous 12 months | 1.00 | 0.165 | ― | |||
| Surgery | 1.37 | (0.99–1.91) | 0.060 | 2.12 | (1.33–3.37) | 0.001 |
| Chemotherapy | 1.73 | (1.10–2.72) | 0.017 | ― | ||
| Radiotherapy | 1.58 | (0.87–2.87) | 0.133 | ― | ||
| Targeted therapy | 3.78 | (1.06–13.5) | 0.040 | ― | ||
| Hormone therapy | 0.81 | (0.49–1.34) | 0.412 | ― | ||
| Immunotherapy | 1.24 | (0.28–5.57) | 0.779 | |||
| ECOG‐PS (≥2 vs. 0–1) | 3.33 | (2.56–4.33) | <0.0001 | 2.57 | (1.70–3.88) | <0.0001 |
| TUG, ref. ≤20 s | 1.00 | <0.0001 | 1.00 | 0.007 | ||
| >20 s | 1.53 | (1.14–2.06) | 0.005 | 1.02 | (0.66–1.57) | 0.931 |
| Unable to perform the test | 5.95 | (3.53–10.0) | <0.0001 | 3.19 | (1.54–6.61) | 0.002 |
| Dependency (ADL ≤ 5/6) | 2.49 | (1.90–3.26) | <0.0001 | ― | ||
| Poor dental health | 1.44 | (1.07–1.95) | 0.017 | ― | ||
| Dysgueusia | 1.91 | (1.29–2.81) | 0.001 | ― | ||
| Food intake (≤2/3 vs. >2/3 of last meal) | 5.48 | (3.85–7.79) | <0.0001 | 3.67 | (2.28–5.91) | <0.0001 |
| Cognitive impairment | 1.85 | (1.42–2.41) | <0.0001 | 1.50 | (1.04–2.16) | 0.030 |
| Risk of depression (mini‐GDS ≥ 1/4) | 2.25 | (1.72–2.93) | <0.0001 | 1.66 | (1.17–2.35) | 0.005 |
| Updated Charlson comorbidity index | 1.13 | (1.07–1.18) | <0.0001 | ― | ||
| Number of daily prescribed medications | 1.02 | (0.99–1.06) | 0.174 | ― | ||
ADL, activities of daily living; ECOG‐PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; OR, odds ratio; TUG, timed up and go test.
a
Oesophagus, stomach, liver, and pancreas.
b
Sarcoma (n = 17), unknown origin (n = 11), thyroid (n = 4), and other (n = 18).