Table 2.
Baseline characteristics by combotherapy group (weighted cohort)
| Characteristic | Sulfonylurea | ‘Other’ | SMD |
| (n=28 077) | (n=4499) | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 56.4±14.0 | 56.8±13.3 | 0.029 |
| Sex (% female) | 43.80% | 44.00% | 0.004 |
| Geographic/Socioeconomic status | |||
| Rural/Income quintile 1 | 11.80% | 11.50% | 0.008 |
| Rural/Income quintile 2 | 8.90% | 9.50% | 0.017 |
| Rural/Income quintile 3 | 7.60% | 7.60% | 0.001 |
| Rural/Income quintile 4 | 7.30% | 7.40% | 0.003 |
| Rural/Income quintile 5 | 6.20% | 6.10% | 0.001 |
| Urban/Income quintile 1 | 14.40% | 14.20% | 0.005 |
| Urban/Income quintile 2 | 12.70% | 12.40% | 0.008 |
| Urban/Income quintile 3 | 11.50% | 11.40% | 0.002 |
| Urban/Income quintile 4 | 10.40% | 10.40% | <0.001 |
| Urban/Income quintile 5 | 8.10% | 8.30% | 0.007 |
| Unknown | 1.10% | 1.10% | 0.005 |
| Baseline comorbidities | |||
| Alcohol abuse | 3.80% | 3.70% | <0.001 |
| Amputation | 0.40% | 0.40% | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 14.10% | 13.20% | 0.02 |
| CKD | 2.80% | 3.00% | 0.013 |
| COPD | 10.00% | 9.70% | 0.008 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 25.80% | 26.20% | 0.009 |
| Dementia | 3.10% | 3.20% | 0.004 |
| Hypertension | 64.30% | 65.10% | 0.013 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 35.10% | 35.10% | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 5.80% | 6.00% | 0.005 |
| Malignancy | 10.20% | 10.60% | 0.01 |
| Microvascular disease | 22.00% | 22.10% | 0.001 |
| Obesity | 6.90% | 6.40% | 0.016 |
| Baseline medication use | |||
| ACE inhibitors | 40.70% | 40.90% | 0.004 |
| Anticoagulants | 4.30% | 4.50% | 0.009 |
| Antiplatelets | 19.10% | 18.90% | 0.005 |
| ARBs | 20.10% | 20.60% | 0.009 |
| Beta-blockers | 20.80% | 21.40% | 0.012 |
| CCBs | 19.30% | 19.90% | 0.014 |
| Digoxin | 2.20% | 2.20% | 0.004 |
| Direct vasodilators | 0.20% | 0.20% | 0.002 |
| Loop diuretics | 7.90% | 8.30% | 0.012 |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | 1.60% | 1.60% | 0.001 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 14.60% | 14.70% | 0.001 |
| Statins | 49.80% | 49.90% | 0.002 |
| Other lipid-lowering medications | 6.40% | 6.20% | 0.006 |
| Index fiscal year | |||
| 2006/07 | 9.00% | 9.80% | 0.025 |
| 2007/08 | 7.60% | 8.00% | 0.013 |
| 2008/09 | 7.60% | 7.70% | <0.001 |
| 2009/10 | 8.50% | 8.90% | 0.01 |
| 2010/11 | 9.10% | 8.70% | 0.012 |
| 2011/12 | 9.60% | 9.20% | 0.011 |
| 2012/13 | 9.00% | 9.00% | <0.001 |
| 2013/14 | 9.30% | 8.80% | 0.014 |
| 2014/15 | 10.20% | 10.10% | 0.003 |
| 2015/16 | 11.50% | 11.20% | 0.009 |
| 2016/17 | 8.70% | 8.60% | <0.001 |
| Time on metformin before add-on therapy | |||
| ≥3 years | 25.50% | 25.90% | 0.006 |
| 1–3 years | 21.60% | 21.80% | 0.003 |
| <1 year | 52.90% | 52.40% | 0.008 |
ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SMD, standardized mean difference.