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. 2021 Dec 17;12:793191. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793191

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Copyright © 2021 Tarkowski, de Jager, Schiuma, Covizzi, Lai, Gabrieli, Corbellino, Bergna, Ventura, Galli, Riva and Antinori

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Highest IgG levels against RBD and S1 according to infection and BNT162b2 vaccination history. Maximum average anti-RBD IgG levels were highest 14 days after symptom onset in the SARS CoV-2 infected/unvaccinated subjects, 10 days after single vaccination in the Covid recovered/1 Vaccine Dose group, and 28 days after 1st vaccination (7 days after 2nd vaccine dose injection) in the No Covid/2 Vaccine Doses group. Anti-RBD IgG levels were significantly elevated in both vaccinated groups compared to in SARS-CoV-2 infected/unvaccinated individuals, with levels in both No Covid/2 Vaccine subjects and Covid+/1 Vaccine subjects elevated approximately 2-fold. A similar relative increase in anti-S1 IgG levels after vaccination also occurred, with levels in No Covid/2 Vaccine subjects over 3 fold higher and levels in Covid+/1 Vaccine subjects more than over 8-fold higher, respectively, compared to anti-S1 IgG measured in unvaccinated Covid-infected individuals. With S1 but not RBD, a single vaccination after previous Covid-19 infection resulted in significantly higher S1 specific IgG levels than occurred in Covid-naïve individuals who received the complete 2 dose vaccination series. Shown are mean values ± SEM for 3‒8 subjects/group.