Table 4.

Results of meta-analyses.

Outcomes of interest		No. of patients		Effect estimate		herogeneity
	No. of studies	Experimental	Control	WMD/OR (95% CI)	P -value	I2 (%)	P -value
Analgesics vs. Controls
Pain related outcome
Need for rescue analgesia	3	132	130	0.36 (0.21, 0.60)	0.0001	0	0.38
Initial VAS (0–100)	4	147	147	0.93 (-8.15, 10.01)	0.84	83	0.0006
Δ-VAS at 24 h	2	118	114	18.46 (0.84, 36.07)	0.04	94	<0.0001
Δ-VAS on 3–7d	3	132	130	11.57 (0.87, 22.28)	0.03	98	<0.00001
AP related outcome
Any complication	2	118	114	0.36 (0.11, 1.16)	0.09	58	0.12
Mortality	2	109	109	1.06 (0.22, 5.19)	0.94	0	0.45
Length of hospital stay (d)	2	110	110	−4.76 (-11.46, 1.95)	0.16	99	<0.00001
Opioids vs. Non-opioids
Pain related outcome
Need for rescue analgesia	6	153	185	0.25 (0.07, 0.86)	0.03	68	0.005
Initial VAS (0–100)	5	129	159	3.28 (-0.07, 6.63)	0.06	34	0.18
Δ-VAS within 24 h	4	109	139	6.06 (-18.10, 30.22)	0.62	98	<0.00001
AP related outcome
Any complication	5	123	125	1.16 (0.61, 2.20)	0.66	0	0.41
Local complication	2	32	34	0.62 (0.05, 7.80)	0.71	48	0.16
Organ failure	4	73	74	1.74 (0.41, 7.36)	0.45	39	0.19
Mortality	3	65	66	0.69 (0.11, 4.52)	0.70	0	0.56
Length of hospital stay (d)	2	44	46	−3.03 (-7.34, 1.28)	0.17	74	0.05
Drug safety outcome
Adverse events	5	132	165	1.52 (0.55, 4.21)	0.42	25	0.25

WMD, weighted mean difference; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; VAS, visual analogue scale; AP, acute pancreatitis.