TABLE 1.
Previous studies on extraction of anthocyanins from blue pea flower using water and the antioxidant activity of extracts.
| Extraction technique | Optimum extraction condition | Extraction yield | Anthocyanin content | Antioxidant activity | References |
| Water extraction of fresh petals | Substrate: solvent ratio – 1:20 (g/mL) Temperature –60°C Time – 60 min |
56.1% | 4.0 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/g | IC50 – 1.18 mg/mL in DPPH radical scavenging activity FRAP assay-19.8 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of extract Inhibit reactive oxygen species in RAW264.7 cells by 75-80% |
Jeyaraj et al., 2021 |
| Water extraction of dried ground petals | Substrate: solvent ratio – 1:20 (g/mL) Temperature – 60°C Time – 60 min |
– | 32.6 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/L | – | Ahmad et al., 2020 |
| Water extraction of dried ground petals | Temperature – 90°C Time – 5 min |
– | 15.2 mg delphinidin-3-glucoside equivalent/g dried flower |
– | Voss et al., 2020 |
| Water extraction of dried ground petals | Substrate: solvent ratio – 1:10 (g/mL) Temperature – 100°C Time – 30 min |
– | 3.61 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/g | IC50 – 195.5 μg/mL in DPPH radical scavenging activity IC50 – 42.9 μg/mL in ABTS free radical assay Protect human keratinocytes from H2O2-induced cytotoxicity |
Zakaria et al., 2018 |
| Water extraction of dried ground petals | Substrate: solvent ratio – 1:100 (g/mL) Temperature – 80°C Time – 30 min |
– | 8.67 mg ternatin B2 equivalent/g dried flower | 467.04 μmol Trolox equivalent/g dried flower in ABTS assay | Vuong and Hongsprabhas, 2021 |
| Water extraction of dried ground petals | Substrate: solvent ratio – 1:37 (g/mL) Temperature – 54°C Time – 74 min |
45.5% | – | – | Baskaran et al., 2019 |
| Water extraction of dried ground petals and spray dried | Substrate: solvent ratio – 1:20 (g/mL) Temperature – 90–95°C Time – 240 min |
– | 1.08 mg delphinidin-3-glucoside/g | – | Chusak et al., 2018 |
| Water extraction of dried ground petals and spray dried | Substrate: solvent ratio – 1:6 (g/mL) Temperature – 100°C Time – 120 min |
– | 1.46 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/g | IC50 – 0.47 mg/mL in DPPH radical scavenging activity ORAC value-17.54 μg trolox equivalents/mg dried extract Protected erythrocytes from APPH induced haemolysis and oxidation |
Phrueksanan et al., 2014 |
| Water extraction of dried ground petals and partial purification of lyophilised extract using Amberlite XAD7HP resin | Substrate: solvent ratio – 0.125:25 (g/mL) Temperature – 40°C Time – 30 min |
2% | – | The aqueous extract showed 43–64% inhibition for DPPH radical scavenging assay | Escher et al., 2020a |
| Extraction of fresh petals with water at pH 1and 2 | Substrate: solvent ratio – 1:3 (g/mL) Temperature – room temperature Maceration time – 24 h pH – 1 |
– | 58.06 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/L | – | Saptarini and Suryasaputra, 2018 |
| Extraction of dried, ground petals soaking in distilled water | Substrate: solvent ratio − 1:20 (g/mL) Soaking time − 0 h Extraction temperature – 60°C Extraction time − 20 min |
– | 58.2 μg cyanidin-3-glucoside/mL | IC50 – 10.9 mM TE/g in DPPH radical scavenging activity Inhibited seven−keto cholesterol production in an emulsion of cholesterol and a free radical generator by 79.8% |
Shen et al., 2019 |
| Ultrasound-assisted water extraction of fresh petals | Substrate: solvent ratio − 1:15 (g/mL) Temperature − 50°C Time – 150 min Ultrasonic power – 240 W |
– | 1.12 mg delphinidin-3-glucoside/g |
– | Gwee and Chong, 2015 |
| Ultrasound-assisted water extraction of fresh petals | Substrate: solvent ratio − 1:50 (g/mL) Temperature − 60°C Time – 90 min Ultrasonic power – 100 W |
– | 1.42 g/L | – | Syafa’atullah et al., 2020 |
| Ultrasound-assisted water extraction of fresh petals | Substrate: solvent ratio – 1:20 (g/mL) Temperature − room temperature Time – 60 min Ultrasonic power – 560 W |
36.1% | 4.2 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/g | – | Jeyaraj et al., 2021 |
| Ultrasound-assisted water extraction of dried ground petals |
Substrate: solvent ratio – 1:10 (g/mL) Temperature − 40°C Time – 45 min Ultrasonic power – 160 W |
– | 1.77 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/g | The aqueous extract showed 63.8% inhibition for DPPH radical scavenging assay | Salacheep et al., 2020 |
| Microwave-assisted water extraction of dried petals | Substrate: solvent ratio − 1:20 (g/mL) Microwave power – 770 W Time – 1 min |
– | 30.9 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/L | – | Marsin et al., 2020 |