Table 1.
Variables and their coding for fsQCA.
| Variables | Definition for coding | Role in theoretical model | Fuzzy set calibrations |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full membership | Crossover | Nonmembership | |||
| Consumer Emotion | Internal and subjective experience by an individual of a complex behaviour of physical and mental changes in reaction to some situation | Outcome variable | Sentiment value above 0.3 | Sentiment value between −0.3 and 0.3 | Sentiment value below −0.3 |
| Retrenchment | A COVID-19 announcement indicating a reduction in products or services | Relates to organisational level of the COVID-19 response strategy | 1 | – | 0 |
| Persevering | Firms announce that they will maintain as usual during COVID-19 crisis. | 1 | – | 0 | |
| Innovating | During COVID-19 crisis times, a firm's creative ways of displaying its products/services, or its new social practices that come along with it. | 1 | – | 0 | |
| Exit | Closing down or temporary closing of a business due to COVID-19 crisis. | 1 | – | 0 | |
| Abstraction/Concreteness | COVID-19 announcements with emphasis on particular activity that in general do not have positive or negative semantic valence. | Relates to organisational level of the linguistic cues of response | 1 (LAI score above 2 i.e. high abstraction/low concreteness) | – | 0) (LAI score below but including 2 i.e. low abstraction/high concreteness) |
| Argument Quality | Strong argument refers to firms' COVID-19 announcements with premised or evidence-based reasoning, while weak argument refers to those with absence of reasoning. | 1 | – | 0 | |
| Pronouns | The use of Pronoun is distinguished from firms' COVID-19 announcements with the use of plural pronouns to the use of singular pronouns. | 1 | – | 0 | |
| Assertiveness | Assertive language refers to firms' COVID-19 announcements that are confidence, forceful, or bold. | 1 | – | 0 | |
| Hotel age | Time difference between the year the hotel was founded and the year of retrieval (i.e. 2021) | Contextual variable (Study 1) | Determined by median split Young: ≤25; Old: > 25 |
||
| Star rating | Hotels are rated from Star 1 to Star 5 | Economy: 1/2/3 star; luxury: 4/5 star | |||
| Restaurant age | Time difference between the year the hotel was founded and the year of retrieval (i.e. 2021) | Contextual variable (Study 2) | Determined by median split Young: ≤23; Old: > 23 |
||
| Price range | Price are rated from £ to £££££ | Economy: £ and ££; luxury: £££ and ££££ | |||