Table 4.
Metabolite concentrations (and SD) and differences between vegetarians, semivegetarians and non-vegetarians
| Metabolite | Class | Vegetarians | Semivegetarians | non-vegetarians | ANOVA | FDR | |||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P value | P value | ||
| Sum of Cer | Metabolism indicators | 9.05 | 7.85 | 15.44 | 4.88 | 26.67 | 7.49 | 0.0017 | 0.0282 |
| Cer(d16:1/23:0) | Ceramides | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.34 | 0.06 | 0.56 | 0.14 | 0.0019 | 0.0282 |
| Sum of LCFA-Cer | Metabolism indicators | 4.82 | 4.69 | 8.62 | 2.57 | 16.16 | 5.74 | 0.0019 | 0.0282 |
| Cer(d18:2/18:0) | Ceramides | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.0028 | 0.0282 |
| Cer(d16:1/22:0) | Ceramides | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.53 | 0.15 | 0.96 | 0.25 | 0.0031 | 0.0282 |
| Cer(d18:1/18:1) | Ceramides | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 1.06 | 0.73 | 0.0046 | 0.0282 |
| Cer(d18:0/22:0) | Dihydroceramides | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.57 | 0.26 | 0.0049 | 0.1200 |
| 1-Met-His synthesis | Metabolism indicators | 6.29 | 3.76 | 0.83 | 1.37 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.0058 | 0.0282 |
| Ratio of short-chain to long-chain ACs | Metabolism indicators | 0.95 | 0.32 | 0.80 | 0.29 | 0.46 | 0.07 | 0.0058 | 0.0282 |
| Cer(d18:2/24:0) | Ceramides | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.0061 | 0.0282 |
| Sum of VLCFA-Cer | Metabolism indicators | 4.24 | 3.32 | 6.81 | 2.66 | 10.53 | 2.69 | 0.0067 | 0.0282 |
| PC ae C36:5 | Phosphatidylcholines | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.0071 | 0.0282 |
| Sum of VLCFA-DH-Cer | Metabolism indicators | 0.65 | 0.24 | 1.11 | 0.55 | 2.35 | 0.95 | 0.0075 | 0.0282 |
| SM C26:0 | Sphingomyelins | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.0080 | 0.0282 |
| PEA | Biogenic amines | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.97 | 0.74 | 0.0096 | 0.0301 |
| CE(20:1) | Cholesteryl esters | 1.14 | 0.71 | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.54 | 0.0098 | 0.0301 |
| Cer(d18:1/22:0) | Ceramides | 0.56 | 0.37 | 0.80 | 0.34 | 1.30 | 0.41 | 0.0115 | 0.0330 |
| CE(14:1) | Cholesteryl esters | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.0147 | 0.0347 |
| PEA synthesis | Metabolism indicators | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.0157 | 0.0347 |
| Cer(d18:0/24:1) | Dihydroceramides | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.49 | 0.23 | 0.73 | 0.36 | 0.0157 | 0.0347 |
| TG(17:1_32:1) | Triacylglycerides | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.0158 | 0.0347 |
| HexCer(d18:1/24:1) | Hexosylceramides | 2.45 | 1.16 | 5.48 | 2.63 | 7.24 | 3.29 | 0.0158 | 0.0347 |
| Cer(d16:1/24:0) | Ceramides | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.43 | 0.11 | 0.0178 | 0.0373 |
| Sum of VLCFA-Glycosyl-Cer | Metabolism indicators | 6.54 | 3.48 | 14.91 | 6.92 | 18.24 | 8.21 | 0.0200 | 0.0383 |
| Cer(d18:1/24:1) | Ceramides | 0.89 | 0.72 | 1.31 | 0.59 | 2.12 | 0.71 | 0.0200 | 0.0383 |
| Cer(d18:1/18:0(OH)) | Ceramides | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.52 | 0.29 | 0.0213 | 0.0386 |
| Sum of Glycosyl-Cer | Metabolism indicators | 9.94 | 5.55 | 21.58 | 9.26 | 26.38 | 11.98 | 0.0224 | 0.0386 |
| Sum of HexCer | Metabolism indicators | 7.26 | 4.18 | 16.20 | 7.72 | 20.00 | 8.90 | 0.0227 | 0.0386 |
| HexCer(d18:1/26:0) | Hexosylceramides | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.41 | 0.17 | 0.52 | 0.22 | 0.0291 | 0.0454 |
| TG(18:0_32:0) | Triacylglycerides | 1.79 | 0.21 | 1.46 | 0.27 | 1.34 | 0.32 | 0.0302 | 0.0454 |
| Cer(d18:2/16:0) | Ceramides | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.39 | 0.15 | 0.0308 | 0.0454 |
| DG(17:0_18:1) | Diglycerides | 1.59 | 0.76 | 1.37 | 1.20 | 2.93 | 0.96 | 0.0316 | 0.0454 |
| Cer(d18:1/20:0) | Ceramides | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.0353 | 0.0454 |
| C12-DC | Acylcarnitines | 1.20 | 0.36 | 0.90 | 0.15 | 1.42 | 0.37 | 0.0355 | 0.0454 |
| PC ae C38:6 | Phosphatidylcholines | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.0365 | 0.0454 |
| Sum of LCFA-Glycosyl-Cer | Metabolism indicators | 3.36 | 2.16 | 6.53 | 2.47 | 8.05 | 3.74 | 0.0366 | 0.0454 |
| Cer(d18:1/24:0) | Ceramides | 0.54 | 0.44 | 0.97 | 0.52 | 1.37 | 0.52 | 0.0368 | 0.0454 |
| Cer(d18:1/18:0) | Ceramides | 0.38 | 0.27 | 0.55 | 0.31 | 2.76 | 2.76 | 0.0378 | 0.0454 |
| TG(18:1_32:2) | Triacylglycerides | 1.37 | 1.49 | 3.03 | 1.71 | 3.58 | 0.78 | 0.0381 | 0.0454 |
| PC aa C34:4 | Phosphatidylcholines | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.0395 | 0.0454 |
| Cer(d18:2/18:1) | Ceramides | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.0401 | 0.0454 |
| PC ae C38:5 | Phosphatidylcholines | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.0405 | 0.0454 |
| PC ae C34:3 | Phosphatidylcholines | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.0438 | 0.0480 |
| CE(18:0) | Cholesteryl esters | 1.13 | 0.57 | 0.92 | 0.41 | 3.02 | 2.41 | 0.0455 | 0.0487 |
| Cer(d18:1/25:0) | Ceramides | 0.44 | 0.30 | 0.75 | 0.48 | 1.16 | 0.55 | 0.0472 | 0.0493 |
| PC ae C44:4 | Phosphatidylcholines | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.0498 | 0.0509 |
AC, Acylcarnitine; ANOVA, analysis of variance; C12-DC, dodecanedioylcarnitine; CE, cholesteryl ester; Cer, ceramide; DG, diglyceride; FDR, false discovery rate; LCFA, long-chain fatty acid; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PEA, phenylethylamine; SM, sphingomyelin; TG, triglyceride.