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. 2021 Dec 17;12:718838. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718838

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Copyright © 2021 Schubert, Seizer, Chamson, König, Sepp, Ocaña-Peinado, Schnapka-Köpf and Fuchs

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cross-correlational functions (CCF) between urinary IL-6 levels and SLE-specific symptoms. (A) IL-6 with urinary protein, (B) IL-6 with oral ulcers, (C) IL-6 with facial rash, (D) IL-6 with small joint pain. Each lag represents a time interval of 12 h. Cross-correlation coefficients (bars) that reach the upper or lower limits of the 95% confidence intervals (lines) are significant at p < 0.05. A positive lag significance means that urinary IL-6 levels precede SLE-related symptoms; a negative lag significance means that SLE-related symptoms precede urinary IL-6 levels. Lag0 in this study can mean concurrency, positive lag (within 12 h) or negative lag (within 12 h). Clearly in (A), but perhaps also in (B), there is a change in the sign of the cross-correlation function between positive and negative lags, which indicates negative feedback loops.