Table 2. Adjusted Changes in Mean Calorie Content of Menu Items After Implementation of Calorie Labeling^a.

Category	All items offered from 2012 to 2019b		Items offered every year from 2012 to 2019c		Items newly introduced in 2013 to 2019d		Items removed in 2013 to 2019e
	Mean change in calories (95% CI)	Adjusted P value	Mean change in calories (95% CI)	Adjusted P value	Mean change in calories (95% CI)	Adjusted P value	Mean change in calories (95% CI)	Adjusted P value
All menu items	−2.0 (−8.5 to 4.4)	.54	−2.3 (−11.5 to 6.3)	.70	−112.9 (−208.6 to −25.2)	.009f	0.5 (−79.4 to 84.0)	.99
By menu item type
Foodg	−4.6 (−15.4 to 6.3)	.82	−7.8 (−21.6 to 5.3)	.54	−41.5 (−192.8 to 91.3)	.79	25.8 (−64.0 to 113.4)	.84
Entreesh	−7.3 (−23.1 to 8.6)	.82	−14.3 (−38.5 to 6.6)	.54	−24.3 (−124.3 to 79.7)	.79	37.5 (−58.1 to 118.5)	.84
Appetizers and sidesi	−1.5 (−13.4 to 10.5)	.91	−1.2 (−16.1 to 13.3)	.88	−113.3 (−518.3 to 169.8)	.90	10.6 (−98.1 to 117.8)	.84
Desserts	−0.7 (−12.8 to 11.3)	.91	6.8 (−14.8 to 30.1)	.54	−84.3 (−287.3 to 122.8)	.69	53.2 (−100.8 to 222.1)	.84
Toppings and ingredients	2.7 (−1.9 to 7.3)	.82	5.6 (−3.8 to 19.7)	.54	−70.1 (−152.4 to 13.8)	.69	26.8 (−73.7 to 114.7)	.84
Beverages	1.9 (−4.8 to 8.7)	.87	7.2 (−5.3 to 23.1)	.54	−71.8 (−234.1 to 46.9)	.69	−85.9 (−198.0 to 57.8)	.84
By restaurant type
Fast food	4.7 (−0.8 to 10.2)	.27	5.8 (−1.3 to 12.8)	.38	−181.2 (−369.9 to −18.2)	.07	−58.4 (−224.3 to 82.3)	.47
Fast casual	1.7 (−11.6 to 15.0)	.81	0.5 (−10.0 to 5.2)	.83	180.1 (24.7 to 445.1)	<.001f	178.3 (76.5 to 353.7)	<.001f
Full service	−12.1 (−28.1 to 3.8)	.27	−16.2 (−46.7 to 5.0)	.38	−98.0 (−235.0 to 16.0)	.13	56.3 (−90.4 to 190.9)	.47
Coffee	−1.2 (−7.7 to 5.3)	.81	2.9 (−23.4 to 16.9)	.83	−59.9 (−201.1 to 17.6)	.25	−72.1 (−207.2 to 55.9)	.47

^a Data are from 35 354 menu items with calorie information offered at 59 restaurants in the MenuStat database from 2012 to 2019 and show unstandardized regression coefficients and 95% CIs for estimated change in mean calorie content before and after implementation of menu calorie labels, adjusted for year (continuous). P values were adjusted within families of outcomes (ie, all menu items [1 test], menu item categories [6 tests], and restaurant type categories [4 tests]) by controlling the false discovery rate at q = 0.05 using the Benjamini-Hochberg linear step-up method.²⁷

^b Offered on any menu between 2012 and 2019.

^c Items with the same or nearly identical name and description offered by the chain every year from 2012 to 2019 with calorie information available in all years.

^d Not offered in 2012 and introduced after 2012.

^e Offered in 2012 to 2018 and removed between 2013 and 2019.

^f Statistically significant at P < .05.

^g Includes all food categories except toppings and ingredients.

^h Includes burgers, entrees, pizza, salad, sandwiches, and soup.

ⁱ Includes appetizers and sides, baked goods, and fried potatoes.