Table 3. Adjusted Changes in Calorie Content at the 90th Percentile After Implementation of Calorie Labelinga.
| Category | All items offered from 2012 to 2019b | Items offered every year from 2012 to 2019c | Items newly introduced in 2013 to 2019d | Items removed in 2013 to 2019e | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean change in calories (95% CI) | Adjusted P value | Mean change in calories (95% CI) | Adjusted P value | Mean change in calories (95% CI) | Adjusted P value | Mean change in calories (95% CI) | Adjusted P value | |
| All menu items | 7.5 (5.1 to 9.9) | <.001f | 19.1 (15.3 to 23.0) | <.001f | −184.7 (−255.1 to −114.3) | <.001f | 10.7 (−33.1 to 54.5) | .63 |
| By menu item type | ||||||||
| Foodg | 9.5 (6.3 to 12.7) | <.001f | 21.6 (16.8 to 26.5) | <.001f | −94.1 (−201.0 to 12.8) | .17 | 59.7 (4.1 to 115.2) | .07 |
| Entreesh | 11.9 (6.5 to 17.4) | <.001f | 22.5 (13.9 to 31.0) | <.001f | −8.2 (−82.9 to 66.6) | ≥.99 | 66.3 (10.1 to 122.5) | .06 |
| Appetizers and sidesi | 10.3 (3.0 to 17.7) | .007f | 24.0 (13.3 to 34.7) | <.001f | 0.6 (−255.5 to 256.8) | ≥.99 | 9.1 (−124.2 to 142.5) | .89 |
| Desserts | 15.4 (−2.7 to 33.6) | .10 | 30.7 (−1.0 to 62.3) | .06 | −22.3 (−499.8 to 455.2) | ≥.99 | 130.3 (−147.2 to 407.8) | .43 |
| Toppings and ingredients | 6.5 (3.8 to 9.2) | <.001f | 16.2 (11.6 to 20.8) | <.001f | −123.2 (−194.1 to −52.3) | .002f | 47.5 (−7.8 to 102.8) | .14 |
| Beverages | 6.0 (2.2 to 9.9) | .003f | 18.7 (12.4 to 25.0) | <.001f | −153.2 (−230.0 to −76.4) | .001f | −143.7 (−221.7 to −65.8) | .002f |
| By restaurant type | ||||||||
| Fast food | 11.6 (8.6 to 14.5) | <.001f | 22.2 (18.1 to 26.4) | <.001f | −401.3 (−539.0 to −263.6) | <.001f | −122.0 (−195.5 to −48.5) | .002f |
| Fast casual | 19.5 (9.7 to 29.4) | <.001f | 35.5 (22.3 to 48.7) | <.001f | 392.8 (212.5 to 573.0) | <.001f | 444.3 (229.6 to 659.1) | <.001f |
| Full service | 12.3 (2.2 to 22.4) | .02f | 19.9 (6.4 to 33.4) | .005f | −96.4 (−185.0 to −7.8) | .04f | 116.8 (41.1 to 192.4) | .003f |
| Coffee | 2.1 (−0.9 to 5.2) | .17 | 7.3 (1.6 to 13.1) | .01j | −32.1 (−93.3 to 29.2) | .31 | −87.1 (−146.4 to −27.8) | .004f |
Data are from 35 354 menu items with calorie information offered at 59 restaurants in the MenuStat database from 2012 to 2019 and show unstandardized regression coefficients and 95% CIs for estimated change in the 90th percentile of calorie content before and after implementation of menu calorie labels, adjusted for year (continuous). P values were adjusted within families of outcomes (ie, all menu items [1 test], menu item categories [6 tests], and restaurant type categories [4 tests]) by controlling the false discovery rate at q = 0.05 using the Benjamini-Hochberg linear step-up method.27
Offered on any menu between 2012 and 2019.
Items with the same or nearly identical name and description offered by the chain every year from 2012 to 2019 with calorie information available in all years.
Not offered in 2012 and introduced after 2012.
Offered in 2012 to 2019 and removed between 2013 and 2019.
Statistically significant at P < .05.
Includes all food categories except toppings and ingredients.
Includes burgers, entrees, pizza, salad, sandwiches, and soup.
Includes appetizers and sides, baked goods, and fried potatoes.