FIG. 1.

Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) model based on multi-organ-on-a-chip (MOoC) for evaluating drug–drug interactions. (a) Schematic of the blood flow ratio in vivo. After flowing into the lung, the blood is distributed to the organs by the heart. The flow ratio of the liver to the lung and heart is 1:3.3. (b) Schematic illustration of the MOoC, which consists of a liver part, a lung cancer part, and a stirrer-based micropump connected by microchannels. The values inside the arrows are the flow rate ratios. (c) Flow velocity in the MOoC as estimated by ANSYS 17.1. The graph shows flow velocity on A–A' cross section. (d) The dimensions of the microchannel on the MOoC. (e) Photograph of the fabricated MOoC with the enlarged view of the stirrer-based micropump as an inset. (f) Conceptual diagram of the PK model based on the MOoC. The change in drug concentration is dependent on the flow rate and extraction ratios of organ models.