Table 4.
Clinical Features Associated With Etiology-Specific Diarrhea
| Objective Fever (n = 325) |
Prolonged Duration (≥7 days) (n = 147) |
High Frequency (>= 6 Loose Stools in 24 h) (n = 374) |
Vomiting (n = 636) |
Severe (Vesikari Score >= 11) (n = 458) |
Any Dehydration (n = 136) |
Hospitalizationa (n = 127) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | |||||||
| Bacteria | |||||||
| Campylobacter jejuni/coli | 1.06 (0.73-1.56) | 0.66 (0.37-1.19) | 0.84 (0.59-1.21) | 0.85 (0.65-1.12) | 0.91 (0.66-1.26) | 0.75 (0.42-1.36) | 0.36 (0.18-0.70) |
| ST-ETEC | 0.68 (0.46-0.99) | 0.82 (0.46-1.45) | 1.16 (0.84-1.62) | 1.04 (0.81-1.34) | 1.02 (0.76-1.37) | 1.30 (0.78-2.18) | 0.41 (0.20-0.82) |
| Salmonella | 3.58 (1.70-7.52) | 3.04 (0.89-10.36) | 0.32 (0.06-1.64) | 0.99 (0.38-2.58) | 1.92 (0.79-4.64) | 3.82 (1.04-14.05) | 6.25 (2.39-16.34) |
| Shigella | 0.70 (0.48-1.03) | 1.68 (0.99-2.87) | 1.47 (1.05-2.05) | 0.74 (0.55-1.00) | 0.93 (0.67-1.29) | 1.12 (0.65-1.95) | 0.95 (0.52-1.74) |
| Typical EPEC | 0.96 (0.63-1.47) | 1.13 (0.63-2.04) | 1.09 (0.75-1.60) | 1.17 (0.88-1.56) | 1.23 (0.88-1.71) | 2.21 (1.26-3.90) | 0.65 (0.31-1.35) |
| Viruses | |||||||
| Adenovirus 40/41 | 0.83 (0.50-1.39) | 1.28 (0.64-2.55) | 1.21 (0.78-1.87) | 1.44 (1.05-1.97) | 1.41 (0.98-2.05) | 1.95 (1.05-3.60) | 1.55 (0.73-3.25) |
| Astrovirus | 0.82 (0.44-1.53) | 0.63 (0.25-1.58) | 1.06 (0.62-1.79) | 0.91 (0.60-1.36) | 0.80 (0.49-1.31) | 0.84 (0.34-2.06) | 0.78 (0.29-2.11) |
| Norovirus GII | 0.67 (0.36-1.23) | 0.45 (0.18-1.14) | 0.77 (0.45-1.32) | 1.29 (0.90-1.85) | 1.06 (0.67-1.65) | 0.34 (0.11-1.05) | 0.50 (0.17-1.44) |
| Rotavirus | 0.80 (0.56-1.15) | 0.59 (0.31-1.13) | 0.98 (0.70-1.37) | 1.73 (1.39-2.14) | 1.60 (1.23-2.07) | 1.65 (1.03-2.63) | 0.90 (0.50-1.62) |
| Sapovirus | 0.70 (0.37-1.30) | 0.89 (0.35-2.25) | 1.00 (0.57-1.76) | 1.06 (0.70-1.61) | 1.08 (0.67-1.74) | 1.38 (0.61-3.10) | 1.10 (0.45-2.71) |
| Protozoa | |||||||
| Cryptosporidium | 0.86 (0.58-1.27) | 3.08 (1.92-4.96) | 0.97 (0.67-1.40) | 1.44 (1.11-1.87) | 1.98 (1.49-2.64) | 1.74 (1.02-2.98) | 2.84 (1.66-4.84) |
| No etiology identified | 1.32 (0.96-1.82) | 0.87 (0.53-1.42) | 0.77 (0.56-1.05) | 0.67 (0.52-0.86) | 0.57 (0.42-0.77) | 0.40 (0.22-0.73) | 1.10 (0.65-1.86) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ST-ETEC, heat-stabile toxin-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; EPEC, enteropathogenic E. coli.
aData on hospitalization are available for 1657/1717 episodes (96.5%).