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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 13.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2021 Jul 13;23:1–27. doi: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092419-060810

Table 1.

Physiological levels of shear stress promote arterial stabilization, associated with low NF-kB and low expression of inflammatory mediators, high activation of Smad1/5 and Notch, moderate activation of eNOS and production of NO, and low cell proliferation. Flow-induced shear stress below physiological levels promotes inward remodeling in association with high activation and signaling by NF-kB, ET-1 and Smad2/3 as well as low eNOS/NO. Shear stress above physiological levels promotes outward remodeling in association with high NF-kB, higher eNOS/NO, cell proliferation and suppression of the stabilization pathways.

Shear stress: Reduced Physiological Elevated
Signals: Smad2/3 NF-kB ET-1 Smad1/5 eNOS/NO NF-kB eNOS/NO
Outcome: Inward remodeling Homeostatic Outward remodeling