Table 2.
Time, Age, Depression, PTSD, and Posttraumatic Cognitions Predicting the Likelihood of Utilizing Mental Health Services
| Model Fixed effect | Log Odds | Robust SE | t-ratio | d.f. | p-value | Odds Ratio | Confidence Interval |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any MHU | |||||||
| Intercept | −2.19 | 0.16 | −14.01 | 443 | < .001 | 0.11 | (0.083,0.153) |
| Time | 0.08 | 0.01 | 8.82 | 1524 | < .001 | 1.08 | (1.063,1.101) |
| Age | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.80 | 1524 | .427 | 1.12 | (0.841,1.504) |
| Depression | 0.36 | 0.10 | 3.53 | 1524 | < .001 | 1.43 | (1.173,1.748) |
| PTSD | 0.40 | 0.10 | 3.80 | 1524 | < .001 | 1.49 | (1.211,1.825) |
| PTCI | 0.22 | 0.11 | 1.94 | 1524 | .052 | 1.25 | (0.998,1.560) |
| Therapy | |||||||
| Intercept | −2.41 | 0.16 | −14.73 | 443 | < .001 | 0.09 | (0.065,0.123) |
| Time | 0.09 | 0.01 | 9.92 | 1524 | < .001 | 1.09 | (1.072,1.109) |
| Age | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.97 | 1524 | .33 | 1.17 | (0.854,1.599) |
| Depression | 0.32 | 0.09 | 3.73 | 1524 | < .001 | 1.38 | (1.166,1.638) |
| PTSD | 0.35 | 0.11 | 3.28 | 1524 | .001 | 1.42 | (1.151,1.748) |
| PTCI | 0.28 | 0.11 | 2.60 | 1524 | .009 | 1.33 | (1.072,1.646) |
| Medication | |||||||
| Intercept | −3.28 | 0.16 | −20.27 | 443 | < .001 | 0.04 | (0.027,0.052) |
| Time | 0.04 | 0.01 | 2.97 | 1526 | .003 | 1.04 | (1.014,1.068) |
| Age | −0.09 | 0.17 | −0.52 | 1526 | .603 | 0.92 | (0.660,1.273) |
| Depression | 0.30 | 0.12 | 2.50 | 1526 | .013 | 1.35 | (1.066,1.704) |
| PTSD | 0.30 | 0.10 | 2.84 | 1526 | .005 | 1.34 | (1.096,1.649) |
| PTCI | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.45 | 1526 | .652 | 1.07 | (0.804,1.418) |
Note. Significant effects have been bolded. Robust SE = robust standard errors; any MHU = Any mental health utilization (either therapy and/or medication since the mass shooting); therapy = “Since the mass shooting on February 14, 2008, have you received any sort of professional counseling or therapy for problems with your emotions, nerves, or mental health?” (0 = No, 1 = Yes); medication = “Since the mass shooting on February 14, 2008, have you taken any prescription medicines for problems with emotions, nerves, or mental health?” (0 = No, 1 = Yes); time = T1 (0), T2 (5), T3 (11), T4 (17), T5 (24); age = age in years; depression = depression symptom severity based on the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale depression subscale total score (0 = Not at all to 3 = Most of the time); PTSD = posttraumatic stress symptom severity based on the Distressing Events Questionnaire total score (0 = Almost never to 4 = Almost always); PTCI = Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory total score based on negative cognitions about self and world subscales (1 = Totally disagree to 7 = Totally agree).