for the main comparison.
| Probiotics compared with placebo or antibiotics for urinary tract infections (UTI) | ||||||
|
Patient or population: adults and children at risk of UTI Settings: outpatient Intervention: probiotics Comparison: placebo or antibiotics | ||||||
| Outcomes | Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI) | Relative effect (95% CI) | No of participants (studies) | Quality of the evidence (GRADE) | Comments | |
| Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | |||||
| Control | Probiotics | |||||
|
Symptomatic bacterial UTI in adults and children in patients with and without recurrent UTI Probiotics versus placebo (follow‐up) |
395 per 1000 | 296 per 1000 (197 to 446) | RR 0.75 (0.50, 1.13) | 352 (6) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | Risk of bias was assessed at unclear or high in most domains and suggest that results are imprecise or overestimate probiotic effects versus placebo |
|
Symptomatic bacterial UTI in adults and children with recurrent UTI Probiotics versus placebo (follow‐up) |
421 per 1000 | 315 per 1000 (227 to 425) | RR 0.74 (0.54, 1.01) | 275 (4) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | Risk of bias was assessed at unclear or high in most domains and suggest that results are imprecise or overestimate probiotic effects versus placebo |
|
Symptomatic bacterial UTI in women with recent UTI Probiotics versus antibiotics (follow‐up) |
666 per 1000 | 745 per 1000 (632 to 885) | RR 1.12 (0.95, 1.33) | 223 (1) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | Risk of bias was assessed at unclear or high in most domains and suggest that results are imprecise or overestimate probiotic effects versus antibiotics. Imprecision also due to small sample from only one RCT |
|
Symptomatic bacterial UTI in children with VUR Probiotics versus placebo (follow‐up) |
270 per 1000 | 145 per 1000 (64 to 332) | RR 0.54 (0.24, 1.23) | 96 (1) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | Risk of bias was assessed at unclear or high in most domains of and suggest that results are imprecise or overestimate probiotic effects versus placebo. Imprecision also due to small sample from only one RCT |
| *The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk Ratio | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate. | ||||||
UTi ‐ urinary tract infection