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. 2022 Jan 3;61(6):4807–4824. doi: 10.1007/s10943-021-01467-4

Table 3.

Comparison of PBS, SESOES and dimension scores based on socio demographic characteristics of participants

PBS SESOES
Traditional religious belief Classical paranormal beliefs total Classical paranormal beliefs sub-dimensions Social efficacy expectations Social outcome expectations
x̄ ± SD  ± SD Witchcraft  ± SD Precognition  ± SD Psi belief  ± SD Spiritualism  ± SD Extraordinary life forms  ± SD Superstition  ± SD  ± SD  ± SD
Gender
Female 42.8 ± 7.0 45.6 ± 10.6 14.3 ± 4.4 9.0 ± 4.1 7.2 ± 2.5 6.0 ± 2.5 5.8 ± 2.1 2.8 ± 1.6 49.7 ± 9.5 25.3 ± 4.6
Male 40.3 ± 10.8 42.7 ± 11.0 13.7 ± 5.0 8.1 ± 4.0 6.5 ± 2.1 5.4 ± 2.6 6.1 ± 2.5 2.7 ± 1.1 51.1 ± 8.9 25.6 ± 4.5
Test and significance

U: 8824.5

p: 0.392

U: 8267.5

p: 0.106

U: 8844.5

p: 0.406

U: 8200

p: 0.086

*U: 7884

p: 0.030

U: 8247.5

p: 0.098

U: 8977.5

p: 0.513

U: 9091

p: 0.544

U: 8578.5

p: 0.232

U: 9053

p: 0.58

Marital status
Married 42.6 ± 8.0 43.9 ± 10.4 14.0 ± 4.6 8.6 ± 4.0 7.3 ± 2.5 5.6 ± 2.8 5.4 ± 2.2 2.7 ± 1.5 51.4 ± 8.4 25.2 ± 5.1
Single 42.1 ± 7.9 45.5 ± 10.8 14.3 ± 4.5 8.9 ± 4.1 7.0 ± 2.4 6.0 ± 2.4 6.1 ± 2.1 2.9 ± 1.6 49.2 ± 9.7 25.5 ± 4.3
Test and significance

U: 11,409.5

p: 0.162

U: 11,583.5

p: 0.234

U: 12,096.5

p: 0.558

U: 12,090

p: 0.552

U: 11,339.5

p: 0.133

U: 11,441

p: 0.171

U: 10,166.5

p: 0.004

U: 12,058

p: 0.436

U: 10,960

p: 0.053

U: 12,501

p: 0.916

Educational level
Pre-, primary or secondary school 46.9 ± 2.5 41.1 ± 8.6 12.1 ± 6.0 6.4 ± 2.6 8.0 ± 2.5 6.8 ± 3.0 4.6 ± 2.2 3.0 ± 1.6 50.0 ± 13.7 22.9 ± 7.2
High school 43.4 ± 7.5 44.4 ± 14.1 13.5 ± 6.1 9.5 ± 5.3 7.1 ± 2.9 5.7 ± 2.9 5.2 ± 2.2 3.3 ± 2.0 51.5 ± 6.0 26.6 ± 3.4
University 42.0 ± 7.8 45.1 ± 10.6 14.3 ± 4.4 8.7 ± 4.0 7.1 ± 2.5 6.0 ± 2.5 6.0 ± 2.2 2.8 ± 1.5 49.6 ± 9.5 25.2 ± 4.6
Postgraduate 41.9 ± 9.5 45.8 ± 9.7 14.5 ± 4.1 10.1 ± 4.1 7.0 ± 2.1 5.5 ± 2.3 5.9 ± 2.1 2.6 ± 1.3 51.3 ± 8.7 26.4 ± 3.4
Test and Significance

H: 6.545

p: 0.088

H: 1.857

p: 0.603

H: 1.757

p: 0.624

**H: 8.412

p: 0.038

H: 1.718

p: 0.633

H: 2.685

p: 0.443

H: 6.332

p: 0.097

H: 1.776

p: 0.620

H: 2.717

p: 0.437

H: 4.213

p: 0.239

Occupation
Civil Servant 43.0 ± 7.3 46.4 ± 10.4 14.5 ± 4.1 9.4 ± 3.8 7.4 ± 2.5 6.3 ± 2.5 5.7 ± 1.9 2.8 ± 1.6 49.4 ± 8.8 25.2 ± 4.9
Academician 38.3 ± 10.9 43.1 ± 8.6 13.5 ± 3.8 9.6 ± 3.8 7.0 ± 2.0 4.7 ± 2.1 5.6 ± 1.9 2.6 ± 1.2 51.9 ± 7.0 26.1 ± 2.7
Tradesperson/freelancer 44.2 ± 7.3 43.8 ± 14.5 14.9 ± 5.7 8.5 ± 5.3 7.2 ± 2.5 5.5 ± 3.3 5.0 ± 3.3 2.5 ± 0.9 53.4 ± 7.1 27.3 ± 3.4
Unemployed 43.0 ± 6.6 44.4 ± 11.6 14.0 ± 4.9 8.2 ± 4.2 7.0 ± 2.4 6.0 ± 2.6 6.0 ± 2.3 2.9 ± 1.8 49.2 ± 10.2 25.7 ± 4.5
Private Sector 39.5 ± 11.0 45.0 ± 9.7 13.9 ± 5.1 9.1 ± 4.4 7.5 ± 2.7 5.2 ± 2.3 6.3 ± 2.5 2.7 ± 1.4 52.9 ± 9.3 25.3 ± 4.6
Other 42.7 ± 6.8 44.6 ± 10.2 14.4 ± 4.2 8.7 ± 4.1 6.4 ± 2.2 6.2 ± 2.6 5.9 ± 2.0 2.8 ± 1.3 48.6 ± 9.4 24.5 ± 4.8
Test and significance

H: 5.967

p: 0.309

H: 1.678

p: 0.892

H: 1.597

p: 0.902

H: 8.112

p: 0.150

H: 8.323

p: 0.139

H: 11.004

p: 0.051

H: 4.496

p: 0.480

H: 0.625

p: 0.987

H: 10.160

p: 0.071

H: 5.415

p: 0.367

Income level
Good 41.7 ± 9.3 43.8 ± 10.5 13.7 ± 4.2 9.1 ± 3.7 6.8 ± 1.9 5.3 ± 2.4 5.8 ± 2.0 2.8 ± 1.6 50.9 ± 9.5 25.5 ± 4.7
Medium 42.3 ± 7.8 45.1 ± 10.9 14.2 ± 4.6 8.7 ± 4.2 7.2 ± 2.5 6.0 ± 2.6 5.8 ± 2.2 2.8 ± 1.6 50.3 ± 8.8 25.6 ± 4.4
Bad 42.5 ± 7.4 45.6 ± 10.2 14.6 ± 4.6 8.9 ± 3.9 6.6 ± 2.6 6.3 ± 2.4 6.2 ± 2.5 2.7 ± 1.4 46.7 ± 11.7 24.1 ± 5.2
Test and Significance

H: 0.027

p: 0.987

H: 1.318

p: 0.517

H: 1.740

p: 0.419

H: 1.123

p: 0.570

H: 3.154

p: 0.207

H: 3.821

p: 0.148

H: 1.317

p: 0.518

H: 0.195

p: 0.907

H: 4.259

p: 0.119

H: 3.458

p: 0.177

Cohabitation
Living alone 41.0 ± 11.1 45.5 ± 10.4 14.5 ± 4.7 9.2 ± 3.9 7.2 ± 2.5 5.7 ± 2.5 6.1 ± 1.9 2.5 ± 1.5 51.0 ± 9.9 26.0 ± 4.7
Living with family 42.5 ± 7.3 44.7 ± 10.8 14.1 ± 4.5 8.6 ± 4.1 7.1 ± 2.5 5.9 ± 2.6 5.9 ± 2.3 2.8 ± 1.5 49.8 ± 9.4 25.3 ± 4.5
Living with relatives or friends 42.6 ± 6.3 52.2 ± 9.0 15.3 ± 3.9 12.8 ± 3.1 7.2 ± 1.9 7.4 ± 1.7 5.7 ± 1.5 3.5 ± 1.9 48.4 ± 5.1 24.3 ± 5.6
Test and significance

H: 0.072

p: 0.965

H: 4.392

p: 0.111

H: 0.656

p: 0.720

H: 9.614

p: 0.008

H: 0.573

p: 0.751

H: 3.375

p: 0.185

H: 0.432

p: 0.806

H: 4.709

p: 0.095

H: 2.687

p: 0.261

H: 1.731

p: 0.421

Chronic disease status
No chronic disease 42.7 ± 7.6 45.1 ± 10.7 14.4 ± 4.4 8.8 ± 4.1 7.1 ± 2.4 5.9 ± 2.5 6.0 ± 2.2 2.8 ± 1.5 49.7 ± 9.6 25.4 ± 4.7
1 chronic disease 39.6 ± 9.5 45.1 ± 11.8 13.6 ± 4.9 9.5 ± 3.9 7.2 ± 2.6 6.3 ± 2.8 5.3 ± 1.8 3.1 ± 1.5 50.8 ± 7.6 25.2 ± 4.3
Multiple chronic diseases 41.4 ± 10.1 39.8 ± 6.7 11.4 ± 5.8 7.6 ± 3.9 6.8 ± 3.4 5.4 ± 2.6 5.3 ± 1.6 3.1 ± 1.7 54.7 ± 6.3 26.3 ± 3.1
Test and significance

H:3.932

p:0.140

H:2.858

p:0.240

H:3.150

p:0.207

H:2.164

p:0.339

H:0.542

p:0.763

H:1.282

p:0.527

H:3.738

p:0.154

H:2.301

p:0.317

H:3.055

p:0.217

H:0.264

p:0.876

PBS the paranormal belief scale, SESOES the social efficacy and social outcome expectations scale

*U: Mann Whitney U test

**H: Kruskal Wallis test