Table 3.
Comparison of PBS, SESOES and dimension scores based on socio demographic characteristics of participants
| PBS | SESOES | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional religious belief | Classical paranormal beliefs total | Classical paranormal beliefs sub-dimensions | Social efficacy expectations | Social outcome expectations | |||||||
| x̄ ± SD | x̄ ± SD | Witchcraft x̄ ± SD | Precognition x̄ ± SD | Psi belief x̄ ± SD | Spiritualism x̄ ± SD | Extraordinary life forms x̄ ± SD | Superstition x̄ ± SD | x̄ ± SD | x̄ ± SD | ||
| Gender | |||||||||||
| Female | 42.8 ± 7.0 | 45.6 ± 10.6 | 14.3 ± 4.4 | 9.0 ± 4.1 | 7.2 ± 2.5 | 6.0 ± 2.5 | 5.8 ± 2.1 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 49.7 ± 9.5 | 25.3 ± 4.6 | |
| Male | 40.3 ± 10.8 | 42.7 ± 11.0 | 13.7 ± 5.0 | 8.1 ± 4.0 | 6.5 ± 2.1 | 5.4 ± 2.6 | 6.1 ± 2.5 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 51.1 ± 8.9 | 25.6 ± 4.5 | |
| Test and significance |
U: 8824.5 p: 0.392 |
U: 8267.5 p: 0.106 |
U: 8844.5 p: 0.406 |
U: 8200 p: 0.086 |
*U: 7884 p: 0.030 |
U: 8247.5 p: 0.098 |
U: 8977.5 p: 0.513 |
U: 9091 p: 0.544 |
U: 8578.5 p: 0.232 |
U: 9053 p: 0.58 |
|
| Marital status | |||||||||||
| Married | 42.6 ± 8.0 | 43.9 ± 10.4 | 14.0 ± 4.6 | 8.6 ± 4.0 | 7.3 ± 2.5 | 5.6 ± 2.8 | 5.4 ± 2.2 | 2.7 ± 1.5 | 51.4 ± 8.4 | 25.2 ± 5.1 | |
| Single | 42.1 ± 7.9 | 45.5 ± 10.8 | 14.3 ± 4.5 | 8.9 ± 4.1 | 7.0 ± 2.4 | 6.0 ± 2.4 | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 49.2 ± 9.7 | 25.5 ± 4.3 | |
| Test and significance |
U: 11,409.5 p: 0.162 |
U: 11,583.5 p: 0.234 |
U: 12,096.5 p: 0.558 |
U: 12,090 p: 0.552 |
U: 11,339.5 p: 0.133 |
U: 11,441 p: 0.171 |
U: 10,166.5 p: 0.004 |
U: 12,058 p: 0.436 |
U: 10,960 p: 0.053 |
U: 12,501 p: 0.916 |
|
| Educational level | |||||||||||
| Pre-, primary or secondary school | 46.9 ± 2.5 | 41.1 ± 8.6 | 12.1 ± 6.0 | 6.4 ± 2.6 | 8.0 ± 2.5 | 6.8 ± 3.0 | 4.6 ± 2.2 | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 50.0 ± 13.7 | 22.9 ± 7.2 | |
| High school | 43.4 ± 7.5 | 44.4 ± 14.1 | 13.5 ± 6.1 | 9.5 ± 5.3 | 7.1 ± 2.9 | 5.7 ± 2.9 | 5.2 ± 2.2 | 3.3 ± 2.0 | 51.5 ± 6.0 | 26.6 ± 3.4 | |
| University | 42.0 ± 7.8 | 45.1 ± 10.6 | 14.3 ± 4.4 | 8.7 ± 4.0 | 7.1 ± 2.5 | 6.0 ± 2.5 | 6.0 ± 2.2 | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 49.6 ± 9.5 | 25.2 ± 4.6 | |
| Postgraduate | 41.9 ± 9.5 | 45.8 ± 9.7 | 14.5 ± 4.1 | 10.1 ± 4.1 | 7.0 ± 2.1 | 5.5 ± 2.3 | 5.9 ± 2.1 | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 51.3 ± 8.7 | 26.4 ± 3.4 | |
| Test and Significance |
H: 6.545 p: 0.088 |
H: 1.857 p: 0.603 |
H: 1.757 p: 0.624 |
**H: 8.412 p: 0.038 |
H: 1.718 p: 0.633 |
H: 2.685 p: 0.443 |
H: 6.332 p: 0.097 |
H: 1.776 p: 0.620 |
H: 2.717 p: 0.437 |
H: 4.213 p: 0.239 |
|
| Occupation | |||||||||||
| Civil Servant | 43.0 ± 7.3 | 46.4 ± 10.4 | 14.5 ± 4.1 | 9.4 ± 3.8 | 7.4 ± 2.5 | 6.3 ± 2.5 | 5.7 ± 1.9 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 49.4 ± 8.8 | 25.2 ± 4.9 | |
| Academician | 38.3 ± 10.9 | 43.1 ± 8.6 | 13.5 ± 3.8 | 9.6 ± 3.8 | 7.0 ± 2.0 | 4.7 ± 2.1 | 5.6 ± 1.9 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 51.9 ± 7.0 | 26.1 ± 2.7 | |
| Tradesperson/freelancer | 44.2 ± 7.3 | 43.8 ± 14.5 | 14.9 ± 5.7 | 8.5 ± 5.3 | 7.2 ± 2.5 | 5.5 ± 3.3 | 5.0 ± 3.3 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 53.4 ± 7.1 | 27.3 ± 3.4 | |
| Unemployed | 43.0 ± 6.6 | 44.4 ± 11.6 | 14.0 ± 4.9 | 8.2 ± 4.2 | 7.0 ± 2.4 | 6.0 ± 2.6 | 6.0 ± 2.3 | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 49.2 ± 10.2 | 25.7 ± 4.5 | |
| Private Sector | 39.5 ± 11.0 | 45.0 ± 9.7 | 13.9 ± 5.1 | 9.1 ± 4.4 | 7.5 ± 2.7 | 5.2 ± 2.3 | 6.3 ± 2.5 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 52.9 ± 9.3 | 25.3 ± 4.6 | |
| Other | 42.7 ± 6.8 | 44.6 ± 10.2 | 14.4 ± 4.2 | 8.7 ± 4.1 | 6.4 ± 2.2 | 6.2 ± 2.6 | 5.9 ± 2.0 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 48.6 ± 9.4 | 24.5 ± 4.8 | |
| Test and significance |
H: 5.967 p: 0.309 |
H: 1.678 p: 0.892 |
H: 1.597 p: 0.902 |
H: 8.112 p: 0.150 |
H: 8.323 p: 0.139 |
H: 11.004 p: 0.051 |
H: 4.496 p: 0.480 |
H: 0.625 p: 0.987 |
H: 10.160 p: 0.071 |
H: 5.415 p: 0.367 |
|
| Income level | |||||||||||
| Good | 41.7 ± 9.3 | 43.8 ± 10.5 | 13.7 ± 4.2 | 9.1 ± 3.7 | 6.8 ± 1.9 | 5.3 ± 2.4 | 5.8 ± 2.0 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 50.9 ± 9.5 | 25.5 ± 4.7 | |
| Medium | 42.3 ± 7.8 | 45.1 ± 10.9 | 14.2 ± 4.6 | 8.7 ± 4.2 | 7.2 ± 2.5 | 6.0 ± 2.6 | 5.8 ± 2.2 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 50.3 ± 8.8 | 25.6 ± 4.4 | |
| Bad | 42.5 ± 7.4 | 45.6 ± 10.2 | 14.6 ± 4.6 | 8.9 ± 3.9 | 6.6 ± 2.6 | 6.3 ± 2.4 | 6.2 ± 2.5 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 46.7 ± 11.7 | 24.1 ± 5.2 | |
| Test and Significance |
H: 0.027 p: 0.987 |
H: 1.318 p: 0.517 |
H: 1.740 p: 0.419 |
H: 1.123 p: 0.570 |
H: 3.154 p: 0.207 |
H: 3.821 p: 0.148 |
H: 1.317 p: 0.518 |
H: 0.195 p: 0.907 |
H: 4.259 p: 0.119 |
H: 3.458 p: 0.177 |
|
| Cohabitation | |||||||||||
| Living alone | 41.0 ± 11.1 | 45.5 ± 10.4 | 14.5 ± 4.7 | 9.2 ± 3.9 | 7.2 ± 2.5 | 5.7 ± 2.5 | 6.1 ± 1.9 | 2.5 ± 1.5 | 51.0 ± 9.9 | 26.0 ± 4.7 | |
| Living with family | 42.5 ± 7.3 | 44.7 ± 10.8 | 14.1 ± 4.5 | 8.6 ± 4.1 | 7.1 ± 2.5 | 5.9 ± 2.6 | 5.9 ± 2.3 | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 49.8 ± 9.4 | 25.3 ± 4.5 | |
| Living with relatives or friends | 42.6 ± 6.3 | 52.2 ± 9.0 | 15.3 ± 3.9 | 12.8 ± 3.1 | 7.2 ± 1.9 | 7.4 ± 1.7 | 5.7 ± 1.5 | 3.5 ± 1.9 | 48.4 ± 5.1 | 24.3 ± 5.6 | |
| Test and significance |
H: 0.072 p: 0.965 |
H: 4.392 p: 0.111 |
H: 0.656 p: 0.720 |
H: 9.614 p: 0.008 |
H: 0.573 p: 0.751 |
H: 3.375 p: 0.185 |
H: 0.432 p: 0.806 |
H: 4.709 p: 0.095 |
H: 2.687 p: 0.261 |
H: 1.731 p: 0.421 |
|
| Chronic disease status | |||||||||||
| No chronic disease | 42.7 ± 7.6 | 45.1 ± 10.7 | 14.4 ± 4.4 | 8.8 ± 4.1 | 7.1 ± 2.4 | 5.9 ± 2.5 | 6.0 ± 2.2 | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 49.7 ± 9.6 | 25.4 ± 4.7 | |
| 1 chronic disease | 39.6 ± 9.5 | 45.1 ± 11.8 | 13.6 ± 4.9 | 9.5 ± 3.9 | 7.2 ± 2.6 | 6.3 ± 2.8 | 5.3 ± 1.8 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 50.8 ± 7.6 | 25.2 ± 4.3 | |
| Multiple chronic diseases | 41.4 ± 10.1 | 39.8 ± 6.7 | 11.4 ± 5.8 | 7.6 ± 3.9 | 6.8 ± 3.4 | 5.4 ± 2.6 | 5.3 ± 1.6 | 3.1 ± 1.7 | 54.7 ± 6.3 | 26.3 ± 3.1 | |
| Test and significance |
H:3.932 p:0.140 |
H:2.858 p:0.240 |
H:3.150 p:0.207 |
H:2.164 p:0.339 |
H:0.542 p:0.763 |
H:1.282 p:0.527 |
H:3.738 p:0.154 |
H:2.301 p:0.317 |
H:3.055 p:0.217 |
H:0.264 p:0.876 |
|
PBS the paranormal belief scale, SESOES the social efficacy and social outcome expectations scale
*U: Mann Whitney U test
**H: Kruskal Wallis test