Table 2.
Left ventricular echocardiographic parameters.
| Elite group | Non-elite group | Comparison between | Interaction | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 20) | (n = 38) | two groups | |||||||
| Pre- | Post- | Pre/post- | Pre- | Post- | Pre/Post- | Pre-exercise | Post-exercise | p-value | |
| exercise | exercise | p-value | exercise | exercise | p-value | p-value | p-value | ||
| LVED vol. (ml) | 117.3 ± 23.6 | 126.3 ± 21.1 | 0.031 | 100.8 ± 17.9 | 102.9 ± 20.5 | 0.373 | 0.004 | <0.0001 | 0.116 |
| LVES vol. (ml) | 41.3 ± 9.5 | 43.6 ± 10.3 | 0.261 | 34.3 ± 7.8 | 34.2 ± 7.5 | 0.872 | 0.004 | <0.0001 | 0.210 |
| LVEF (%) | 64.8 ± 4 | 65.7 ± 4.2 | 0.511 | 66.0 ± 4.0 | 66.7 ± 3.6 | 0.327 | 0.256 | 0.309 | 0.878 |
| Mean S' (cm.s−1) | 10.7 ± 1.3 | 11.1 ± 1.5 | 0.379 | 10.9 ± 1.1 | 11.0 ± 1.4 | 0.654 | 0.591 | 0.697 | 0.549 |
| LV GLS (%) | −21.2 ± 1.5 | −20.0 ± 1.7 | 0.02 | −21.6 ± 1.5 | −20.2 ± 1.4 | <0.0001 | 0.348 | 0.652 | 0.575 |
| Mechanical dispersion (ms) | 23.2 ± 8.0 | 27.2 ± 7.3 | 0.094 | 20.9 ± 6.8 | 29.1 ± 6.1 | <0.0001 | 0.243 | 0.306 | 0.093 |
| LV GCW (mmHg%) | 2179.2 ± 236.6 | 1780.6 ± 527.7 | 0.048 | 2231.2 ± 302.5 | 1862.8 ± 279.3 | <0.0001 | 0.219 | 0.860 | 0.850 |
| LV GWW (mmHg%) | 70.5 ± 21.2 | 79.1 ± 31.1 | 0.354 | 70 ± 27.6 | 60.2 ± 28.8 | 0.182 | 0.551 | 0.114 | 0.131 |
| E (m.s−1) | 0.78 ± 0.16 | 0.77 ± 0.14 | 0.758 | 0.79 ± 0.13 | 0.81 ± 0.14 | 0.207 | 0.906 | 0.230 | 0.340 |
| A (m.s−1) | 0.39 ± 0.09 | 0.38 ± 0.08 | 0.803 | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 0.43 ± 0.11 | <0.0001 | 0.090 | 0.129 | 0.022 |
| DTI (ms) | 217.0 ± 35.0 | 197.4 ± 43.0 | 0.160 | 221.6 ± 1.7 | 193.6 ± 43.1 | 0.003 | 0.547 | 0.766 | 0.610 |
| E/A | 2.05 ± 0.46 | 2.07 ± 0.42 | 0.890 | 2.33 ± 0.58 | 1.96 ± 0.46 | 0.004 | 0.062 | 0.567 | 0.072 |
| E/e' | 4.45 ± 1.39 | 4.76 ± 0.61 | 0.391 | 4.51 ± 0.94 | 4.99 ± 0.95 | 0.01 | 0.764 | 0.297 | 0.568 |
| e' (cm.s−1) | 16.8 ± 0.21 | 16.1 ± 0.29 | 0.309 | 17.8 ± 0.23 | 16.5 ± 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.135 | 0.527 | 0.514 |
LV, left ventricle; LVED vol,: LV end-diastolic volume (ml); LVES vol., LV end-systolic volume (ml); LVEF, Left ventricular ejection fraction (%); GLS, global longitudinal strain (%); GCW, global constructive work (mmHg%); GWW, global wasted work (mmHg%); E, Peak E mitral velocity (m.s−1); A, Peak A mitral velocity (m.s−1); DTI, E-wave deceleration time (ms); e', early diastolic velocity (cm.s−1).