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. 2021 Dec 20;12:781263. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.781263

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Copyright © 2021 Picton, Paximadis, Koor, Bharuthram, Shalekoff, Lassauniere, Ive and Tiemessen

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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CCR5 ligand production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy controls (HCs) and HIV-1 controllers (cohort 1): CCL3 (A), CCL4 (B) and CCL5 (C). Overall cytokine production is shown for unstimulated (spontaneous) (i) and PHA-stimulated (S) (ii) PBMCs. Mann-Whitney U-tests were conducted to test for significance. The medians and interquartile ranges are shown by horizontal bars. P values and the number of individuals in each group are indicated. Due to insufficient sample, a single control individual was omitted from the unstimulated production assays. A Controller (TG4), considered an outlier, was omitted from the PHA-stimulated comparisons (hence, n=8). Chemokine production from controllers stratified according to viral load (VL), VL<400 and VL>400 (RNA copies/ml) are shown within the grey shaded boxes.