Table 3.
General Characteristics of Patients Divided by Quartiles of CVAI
| Variables | Q1 (n = 42) | Q2 (n = 43) | Q3 (n = 41) | Q4 (n = 43) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51.76±8.72 | 54.30±8.41 | 58.76±8.96#& | 59.63±8.80#& | <0.001 |
| Gender (male, %) | 17(40.5%) | 21(48.8%) | 23(56.1%) | 29(67.4%) | 0.082 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 5(0,10) | 10(5,17) # | 8(4.5,17) | 14(8,20) # | <0.05 |
| Hypertension (yes, %) |
10(23.8%) | 20(46.5%) | 16(39.0%) | 22(51.2%) | 0.056 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.23±2.28 | 25.37±1.93# | 25.54±2.06# | 28.21±2.80#&* | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 82.69±5.74 | 88.59±3.51# | 93.02±4.62#& | 99.33±5.02#&* | <0.001 |
| LAP | 28.74 (21.78,38.97) | 53.25 (39.0,70.5) # | 66.08 (47.33,86.95) # | 78.21 (53.63,105.93) #& | <0.05 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.64±2.16 | 8.90±1.94 | 9.00±2.25 | 8.87±1.72 | 0.843 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.26(1.00,1.82) | 2.01(1.40,2.52) # | 2.02(1.58,2.62) # | 2.08(1.48,2.87) # | <0.05 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.32(1.19,1.68) | 1.17(1.05,1.38) | 1.21(1.01,1.34) # | 1.15(0.99,1.35) # | <0.05 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.88(2.60,3.66) | 2.80(2.52,3.38) | 2.97(2.55,3.56) | 2.93(2.72,3.25) | >0.05 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.94(4.31,6.15) | 4.87(4.26,5.89) | 4.83(4.34,6.35) | 4.85(4.52,5.49) | >0.05 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 4.98(4.54,5.78) | 5.59(4.86,6.67) | 5.77(4.59,7.30) | 6.14(5.00,7.48) # | <0.05 |
| Cr(mmol/L) | 52.45 (45.60,65.93) | 61.00 (50.00,69.10) | 69.50 (54.05,76.95) # | 66.30 (5.80,71.80) # | <0.05 |
| LEAD (%) | 32(76.2%) | 36(83.7%) | 37(90.2%) | 40(93.0%) | 0.120 |
| Carotid atherosclerosis (%) | 28(66.7%) | 22(51.2%) | 27(65.9%) | 24(55.8%) | 0.382 |
| DSPN (%) | 6(14.3%) | 5(11.6%) | 9(22.0%) | 13(30.2%) | 0.125 |
| DN (%) | 5(11.9%) | 7(16.3%) | 12(29.3%) | 20(46.5%) #& | <0.05 |
| Statins use (%) | 20(47.6%) | 29(67.4%) | 26(63.4%) | 25(58.1%) | 0.277 |
| Insulin use (%) | 29(69.0%) | 38(88.4%) | 34(82.9%) | 38(88.4%) | 0.065 |
| Metformin use (%) | 25(59.5%) | 28(65.1%) | 26(63.4%) | 37(86.0%) # | <0.05 |
| CVAI | 80.63±21.92 | 112.24±6.65# | 132.95±5.72#& | 106.97±14.86#* | <0.001 |
| DR (%) | 16(38.1%) | 30(69.8%) # | 27(65.9%) | 35(81.4%) # | <0.001 |
Notes: Compared with healthy control group, #P<0.05; compared with NDR group, &p<0.05; compared with NPDR group, *P<0.05;
Abbreviations: NDR, non-diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetes retinopathy; BMI, body mass index; LAP, lipid accumulation product; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TC, total cholesterol; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; LEAD, lower-extremity arterial disease; DSPN, diabetic peripheral neuropathy; DN, diabetic nephropathy; CVAI Chinese visceral adiposity index.