Table 3.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Diabetic Patients Compared Between Those with No DR and Those with NPDR, and Between Those with No DR and Those with PDR
| Parameters | No DR (N = 737) | NPDR (N = 301) | p-value* | PDR (N = 92) | p-value** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 59.03 ± 17.46 | 65.08 ± 12.01 | <0.001 | 58.20 ± 13.2 | 0.641 |
| Male | 276 (37.4) | 119 (39.5) | 0.330 | 26 (28.3) | 0.072 |
| Female | 461 (62.6) | 182 (60.5) | 66 (71.7) | ||
| Duration of DM (years) | 11.87 ± 7.87 | 16.49 ± 8.33 | <0.001 | 18.21 ± 8.88 | <0.001 |
| Type of diabetes | |||||
| Type 1 diabetes | 55 (7.5) | 6 (2.0) | 0.023 | 6 (6.5) | 0.818 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 653 (88.6) | 290 (96.3) | 0.001 | 85 (92.4) | 1.000 |
| Other types of diabetes | 29 (3.9) | 5 (1.7) | 0.024 | 1 (1.1) | 0.762 |
| Smokera | 70 (12.9) | 24 (11.2) | 0.353 | 9 (13.2) | 0.025 |
| Total daily dose of insulin (units) | 48.05 ± 26.68 | 50.84 ± 27.06 | 0.364 | 54.2 ± 37.28 | 0.302 |
| Number of oral antidiabetic drugs | 1.65 ± 1.11 | 1.81 ± 1.12 | 0.038 | 1.35 ± 1.15 | 0.025 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133.29 ± 17.26 | 135.52 ± 19.20 | 0.083 | 137.94 ± 15.25 | 0.010 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.06 ± 10.86 | 75.00 ± 10.74 | 0.153 | 72.61 ± 11.94 | 0.012 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.96 ± 5.45 | 25.84 ± 4.78 | 0.762 | 27.24 ± 5.48 | 0.063 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91.98 ± 12.20 | 92.49 ± 12.77 | 0.765 | 98.31 ± 14.62 | 0.111 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 98.78 ± 9.40 | 99.51 ± 11.92 | 0.640 | 103.69 ± 10.92 | 0.100 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 148.65 ± 48.93 | 164.20 ± 48.98 | <0.001 | 142.81 ± 53.86 | 0.344 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.51 ± 1.47 | 7.90 ± 1.50 | 0.002 | 7.89 ± 1.34 | 0.018 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 164.53 ± 32.11 | 162.76 ± 33.42 | 0.617 | 166.42 ± 31.06 | 0.616 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 135.54 ± 82.81 | 131.42 ± 74.84 | 0.510 | 133.44 ± 57.56 | 0.772 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 84.95 ± 27.42 | 83.71 ± 28.68 | 0.643 | 87.75 ± 27.00 | 0.385 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 53.30 ± 15.65 | 52.10 ± 15.75 | 0.312 | 52.20 ± 16.39 | 0.585 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.04 ± 0.75 | 1.33 ± 1.03 | < 0.001 | 1.89 ± 1.96 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 77.52 ± 30.33 | 62.83 ± 29.78 | < 0.001 | 55.91 ± 33.84 | <0.001 |
| Albuminuria (mg/g Cr)b | |||||
| <30 | 367 (61.1) | 103 (46.0) | < 0.001 | 32 (42.7) | <0.001 |
| 30–300 | 145 (24.1) | 69 (30.8) | 0.001 | 27 (36.0) | <0.001 |
| >300 | 89 (14.8) | 52 (23.2) | 0.001 | 16 (21.3) | <0.001 |
Notes: Data were reported in mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage), as appropriate. aData of smoking status, N = 825, No DR (N = 542), NPDR (N = 215), PDR (N = 68). bData of albuminuria, N = 900, No DR (N = 601), NPDR (N = 224), PDR (N = 75). *p-value when No DR was compared with NPDR. **p-value when No DR was compared with PDR.
Abbreviations: DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; DM, diabetes mellitus; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.