TABLE 4.

Multiple logistic regression models using online crowdsourced data to examine the relationship between a “white middle-class” indicator and kratom use while controlling for substance use factors.

Lifetime kratom use - mTurk	OR	95% CI		Z	p	VIF
		Lower	Upper
Intercept	0.03	0.03	0.04	-24.09	<0.001
White Middle-Class indicator
Male	1.94	1.33	2.82	3.45	<0.001	1.03
Nonmale	0.89	0.58	1.36	-0.54	0.59	1.03
Rural - Urban Continuum
Non-metro - Large Metro	1.25	0.97	1.60	1.72	0.09	1.02
Small Metro - Large Metro	1.05	0.83	1.33	0.40	0.69	1.02
Lifetime Non-Medical Opioid Use	5.41	4.02	7.28	11.16	<0.001	1.14
Moderate to Severe SUD	2.22	1.66	2.96	5.41	<0.001	1.14
Lifetime SUD Treatment	1.56	1.12	2.18	2.66	0.01	1.14

Past-year Kratom Use - mTurk	OR	95% CI		Z	p	VIF
		Lower	Upper
Intercept	0.02	0.01	0.03	-21.77	<0.001
White Middle-Class indicator
Male	1.45	0.90	2.32	1.54	0.12	1.02
Nonmale	0.83	0.49	1.40	-0.71	0.48	1.02
Rural - Urban Continuum
Non-metro - Large Metro	1.30	0.96	1.75	1.70	0.09	1.02
Small Metro - Large Metro	1.09	0.81	1.45	0.56	0.58	1.02
Lifetime Non-Medical Opioid Use	5.56	3.81	8.11	8.91	<0.001	1.15
Moderate to Severe SUD	2.13	1.49	3.05	4.12	<0.001	1.15
Lifetime SUD Treatment	1.24	0.83	1.84	1.06	0.29	1.13

χ ² (7) = 179.39; Pseudo-R ², 0.17; p = <0.01; AIC, 1,115.83. χ ² (7) = 304.80; Pseudo-R ², 0.22; p = <0.01; AIC, 1,529.11. Statistically significant explanatory variables are denoted by bolded text.