TABLE 6.

Survey-weighted multiple logistic regression models using nationally representative NSDUH 2019 to examine the relationship between a “white middle-class” indicator and kratom use while controlling for substance use factors.

Lifetime kratom use - NSDUH	OR	95% CI		t	p	VIF
		Lower	Upper
Intercept	0.01	0.00	0.01	-55.52	<0.001
White Middle-Class indicator
Male	3.10	2.44	3.93	9.31	<0.001	1.11
Female	1.86	1.32	2.60	3.57	<0.001	1.37
Rural - Urban Continuum
Non-metro - Large Metro	1.22	0.89	1.69	1.22	0.23	1.24
Small Metro - Large Metro	1.41	1.12	1.77	2.94	<0.001	1.24
Lifetime Non-Medical Opioid Use	6.77	5.53	8.29	18.56	<0.001	1.45
Past Year Drug Dependence/Abuse	3.50	2.56	4.79	7.83	<0.001	1.60
Lifetime SUD Treatment	2.11	1.61	2.75	5.48	<0.001	1.64

Past-year Kratom Use - NSDUH	OR	95% CI		t	p	VIF
		Lower	Upper
Intercept	0.00	0.00	0.00	−49.11	<0.001
White Middle-Class indicator
Male	2.30	1.59	3.33	4.41	<0.001	1.05
Female	2.05	1.51	2.79	4.61	<0.001	1.10
Rural - Urban Continuum
Non-metro - Large Metro	1.36	0.82	2.28	1.19	0.24	1.37
Small Metro - Large Metro	1.49	1.09	2.04	2.48	0.02	1.37
Lifetime Non-Medical Opioid Use	5.03	3.66	6.93	9.91	<0.001	1.61
Past Year Drug Dependence/Abuse	3.27	2.30	4.64	6.63	<0.001	1.37
Lifetime SUD Treatment	2.01	1.39	2.90	3.73	<0.001	1.54

Pseudo-R ² = 0.16; p = <0.01; AIC = 6,945.21; Est. Dispersion Parameter = 0.95. Pseudo-R ² = 0.16; p = <0.01; AIC = 6,945.21; Est. Dispersion Parameter = 0.95. Statistically significant explanatory variables are denoted by bolded text.