Extended Data Fig. 9 ∣. Rejuvenating fracture healing in aged mice with defined factors.

a, Schematic representation of experimental set-up of rescue experiments with 24-month-old mice. b, Frequency of BCSPs, THY1⁺ and 6C3⁺ in 24-month-old mice at day 10 after fracture induction and application of factors (BMP2: 5 μg; CSF1^low: 2 μg; CSF1^high: 5 μg) (2-mo PBS, n = 6; PBS, n = 6; CSF1^low, n = 5; CSF1^high, n = 5; BMP2, n = 5; Combo^low, n = 9; Combo^high, n = 5). c, μCT analysis of newly formed mineralized bone volume of treated fracture calluses at day 21 (2-mo PBS, n = 7; PBS, n = 9; CSF1^low, n = 6; CSF1^high, n = 7; BMP2, n = 12; Combo^low, n = 12; Combo^high, n = 8). All two-sided Student’s t-tests between the 2-month-old group and each 24-month-old group adjusted for non-normality (Mann–Whitney test) or unequal variances (Welch’s test) where appropriate. d, CFU-F capacity of SSCs isolated from fracture calluses from the 2-mo-PBS, PBS and ‘Combo^low treatment groups at day 10 (2-mo PBS, n = 6; PBS, n = 6; Combo^low, n = 5). Two-sided Student’s t-test between the 2-month-old PBS-treated group and each 24-month-old group adjusted for non-normality (Mann–Whitney test) where appropriate (n.s., not significant). Data are mean + s.e.m. For exact P values, see Source Data.