Figure 6.

Cell biological regulation mechanisms of ATP synthesis in relationship to the maintenance of stemness of HSCs and NSCs. The image was created using Biorender.com. Abbreviations: PML, promyelocytic leukemia protein; PPARs, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; FOXO3, forkhead box O3; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; NSCs, neural stem cells; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; Meis1, myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2.