Table 2.
Summary of raw and finished water quality [average (minimum − maximum)].
| System | n | pH | Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO3) | Hardness (mg/L CaCO3) | Ca (mg/L) | Mg (mg/L) | Fe (mg/L) | Mn (mg/L) | As (μg/L) | K (mg/L) | Total NH3 (mg N/L)1 | Free NH3 (mg N/L)2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||||
| A | RW3 | 7 | 7.97 (7.88–8.28) | 465 (444–472) | 322 (305–339) | 78.5 (73.9–83.5) | 30.6 (29.3–32.0) | 2.11 (1.58–2.60) | 0.044 (0.030–0.051) | 0.4 (<0.4–0.7) | 17.3 (1.8–110.3) | 2.09 (1.99–2.14) | 2.09 (1.99–2.14) |
| FW4 | 7 | 7.82 (7.62–8.06) | 467 (460–471) | 72 (33–119) | 12.9 (7.9–24.1) | 9.6 (3.1–16.9) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.011 (0.004–0.019) | <0.35 | 7.9 (0.6–47.4) | 0.46 (0.02–1.10) | 0.08 (0.01–0.29) | |
| B | RW | 6 | 7.52 (7.16–8.16) | 430 (406–451) | 220 (36–341) | 49.8 (8.2–78.3) | 23.4 (3.7–36.0) | 3.15 (0.09–7.61) | 0.028 (0.005–0.043) | 18.3 (2.0–37.9) | 2.2 (0.4–5.9) | 5.20 (0.93–7.37) | 5.20 (0.93–7.37) |
| FW | 5 | 8.13 (7.71–9.27) | 436 (407–470) | 71 (16–309) | 15.9 (3.9–68.5) | 7.5 (1.5–33.5) | 0.10 (0.01–0.57) | 0.010 (0.004–0.040) | 3.5 (1.4–9.3) | 1.0 (0.4–2.2) | 4.45 (0.90–8.76) | 4.45 (0.38–8.75) | |
| C | RW | 7 | 7.56 (7.25–7.85) | 470 (462–481) | 367 (361–380) | 87.2 (85.3–91.3) | 36.4 (35.6–37.9) | 3.84 (3.14–4.86) | 0.094 (0.080–0.105) | 26.2 (24.1–31.0) | 2.1 (1.9–2.5) | 6.27 (5.95–6.52) | 6.27 (5.95–6.52) |
| FW | 6 | 7.45 (7.25–7.60) | 447 (439–456) | 162 (127–196) | 33.3 (27.1–38.8) | 19.1 (14.1–24.2) | 0.05 (0.02–0.19) | 0.044 (0.033–0.055) | 8.0 (6.8–9.4) | 2.9 (2.1–3.6) | 5.22 (3.05–7.45) | 5.20 (2.87–7.03) | |
| D | RW | 7 | 7.35 (7.11–7.98) | 458 (448–467) | 314 (301–325) | 73.1 (70.4–76.0) | 32.0 (30.5–33.0) | 2.80 (2.28–3.42) | 0.029 (0.024–0.042) | 14.1 (12.4–15.1) | 2.5 (2.3–2.8) | 2.93 (2.73–3.50) | 2.93 (2.73–3.50) |
| FW | 6 | 7.59 (7.45–7.76) | 446 (438–453) | 124 (93–168) | 28.0 (21.4–36.3) | 13.2 (9.6–18.9) | 0.27 (0.08–0.40) | 0.012 (0.006–0.019) | 4.2 (2.9–5.7) | 1.8 (1.1–3.3) | 2.13 (0.65–4.02) | 1.73 (0.24–4.02) | |
1
Total NH3 includes both free NH3 and NH3 combined in chloramines.
2
All RW NH3 is assumed to be free NH3. FW free NH3 is calculated using free Cl2 and total Cl2 data, assuming all combined Cl2 is present as monochloramine.
3
RW: raw water
4
FW: finished water