Table 2.
ISGs directly-inhibiting coronavirus replication.
| ISG | Activity | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| ISGs inhibit the cellular entry of HCoVs | |||
| IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3 | Inhibits cellular entry of all the known HCoVs except for HCoV-OC43, which uses human IFITM2 and IFITM3 as entry factors to facilitate its infection of target cells. | Inhibition or promotion of the fusion of viral envelopes with cellular membranes. | 52, 78, 86, 226, 227, 228 |
| LY6E | Inhibits cellular entry of all the known HCoVs. | Interrupts the fusion of the viral envelope and cellular membranes as well as impairs syncytia formation. | 73, 76 |
| CH25H | Inhibits cellular entry of SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. | Inhibits the fusion of viral envelopes and cellular plasma membranes through the reduction of cholesterol in the plasma membrane. | 132, 133 |
| GILT | Inhibits cellular entry of SARS-CoV-1. | Inhibition of SARS-CoV-1 entry in lysosomes via disruption of the stability and activity of cathepsin L. | 121 |
| CD74 | Inhibits the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. | Inhibition of cathepsin L-mediated cleavage of viral spike proteins. | 72 |
| FAM46C, UBD, CLEC4D | Inhibit viral entry mediated by spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. | To be determined. | 67 |
| ISGs that bind viral RNA and inhibit viral replication | |||
| IFIT1, IFIT3 and IFIT5 | Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication. | Prevention of active viral RNA replication by sequestering the single-stranded 5′-ppp or 2′-O-unmethylated RNA. | 67 |
| IFIT2 | Inhibits MHV RNA replication. | 167, 229 | |
| ZAP | Restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication. | Binds CpG dinucleotides in viral RNA to mark it for degradation | 142, 143, 144 |
| OAS1-RNase L | Restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication. | Synthesize 2′-5′oligo (A) that actives RNase L to degrade viral and cellular RNA. | 19 |
| SPATS2L, DNAJC6, RGSS2, LOC152225, ZBP1 B4GALT5 | To be determined. | 67 | |
| ER-Golgi-associated proteins that inhibit virion assembly and egress | |||
| Viperin | Inhibits PEDV replication. | Restricts viral replication and/or assembly via interactions with N proteins. | 230 |
| BST2 | Inhibits the release of HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2 virion particles. | Tethers virions on the cellular surfaces or intracellular membranes. | 67, 193, 202 |
| HSPA8, CNP, Rab27a, ERLIN1 | Inhibits late-stage SARS-CoV-2 replication. | To be determined. | 67 |