Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of populations in the discovery and validation study

Characteristics	Discovery study			Validation study
	AF (n = 12)	Non-AF (n = 12)	P value	AF (n = 30)	Non-AF (n = 30)	P value
Age, years (mean ± SD)	71.9 ± 6.0	69.0 ± 4.1	0.33	68.9 ± 9.1	69.2 ± 8.0	0.88
Male n, (%)	6 (50.0)	6 (50.0)	1.00	25 (83.3)	23 (76.7)	0.52
BMI (kg/m2)	24.1 ± 1.2	26.2 ± 1.3	0.22	26.4 ± 3.4	25.8 ± 3.0	0.47
Systolic BP (mmHg)	134.5 ± 6.0	134.0 ± 5.4	0.95	136.8 ± 19.9	132.8 ± 14.3	0.38
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	78.4 ± 4.9	74.7 ± 3.2	0.53	79.1 ± 12.0	72.7 ± 10.1	0.03
Heart rate (beats per min)	75.8 ± 3.6	86.8 ± 4.2	0.06	74.2 ± 15.3	75.4 ± 9.6	0.70
Medical history n, (%)
Hypertension	11 (91.7)	9 (75.0)	0.27	23 (76.7)	21 (70.0)	0.56
Diabetes mellitus	5 (41.7)	4 (33.3)	0.67	9 (30.0)	11 (36.7)	0.58
Dyslipidemia	10 (83.3)	9 (75)	0.62	19 (63.3)	27 (90.0)	0.02
Congestive heart failure	1 (8.3)	0(0.0)	0.31	9 (30.0)	0 (0.0)	0.001
Stroke	1 (8.3)	0(0.0)	0.31	4 (13.3)	0 (0.0)	0.04
Bleeding history	1 (8.3)	0(0.0)	0.31	5 (16.7)	2 (6.7)	0.23
Smoking status
Ex-smoker	5 (41.7)	1 (8.3)	0.06	17 (56.7)	12 (40.0)	0.33
Current smoker	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)		1 (3.3)	3 (10.0)
Never smoke	7 (58.3)	11 (91.7)		12 (40.0)	15 (50.0)
Medications n, (%)
Beta-blocker	8 (66.7)	2 (16.7)	0.01	18 (60.0)	7 (23.3)	0.004
Calcium channel blocker	6 (50.0)	4 (33.3)	0.41	9 (30.0)	11 (36.7)	0.58
ACE inhibitors or ARB	6 (50)	3 (25.0)	0.21	13 (43.3)	14 (46.7)	0.80
Statin	7 (58.3)	9 (75.0)	0.39	18 (60.0)	24 (80.0)	0.09
Warfarin	10 (83.3)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001	18 (60.0)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001
Aspirin	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	N/A	1 (3.3)	5 (16.7)	0.09

Data presented as mean ± SD for continuous variables and frequency (percentage) for categorical variables

AF atrial fibrillation, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers