Table 4.

Risk factors for the recurrent UTI in T2D patients with EPN

Risk factors	Recurrent UTI	Non recurrent UTI	Univariate P*	Multivariate P*	RR (95% CI)
N	11	9
Age in yrs	56.4±9.8	55.6±10.4	0.861
Post Menopausal	9 (81.8)	5 (55.6)	0.215
Diabetes duration in years	13.9±5.0	9.0±4.8	0.039	0.730
Diabetic Complication
Retinopathy	11 (100)	8 (88.9)	0.269	0.443
Nephropathy	9 (81.8)	2 (22.2)	0.009
Neuropathy	9 (81.8)	4 (44.4)	0.089
Comorbidity
HTN	11 (100)	8 (88.9)	0.269
Hypothyroidism	2 (18.2)	1 (11.1)	0.666
CKD	4 (36.4)	0 (0)	0.048	0.044	2.06 (1.20-2.83)
History of symptomatic UTI in year prior to study entry	6 (54.5)	2 (22.2)	0.152
Parameter
FBG (mg/dl)	281±100	258±96	0.608
Blood glucose PP	351±138	322±80	0.584
HbA1c in %	12.7±2.9	10.1±1.9	0.033	0.043	2.54(1.67–4.92)
Creatinine (mg/dl)	2.6±1.3	1.5±0.8	0.040	0.506
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)	40.6±20.9	56.1±22.6	0.003	0.888
Proteinuria	9 (81.8)	3 (33.3)	0.031	0.078
DKA	2 (18.2)	1 (11.1)	0.666
HHS	4 (36.4)	1 (11.1)	0.205
MODS	3 (27.3)	1 (11.1)	0.379
AKI	10 (90.9)	5 (55.6)	0.077
Bacterimia	3 (27.3)	3 (33.3)	0.776
EPN grade 3-4	6 (54.5)	2 (22.2)	0.152
Urine examination
Pyuria	11 (100)	8 (88.9)	0.269
Hematuria	1 (9.1)	0 (0)	0.265
Glycosuria	10 (90.9)	9 (100)	0.365
Organism
E. coli	9 (81.8)	7 (77.8)	0.426
Other	2 (18.2)	0 (0)	0.265
USG
Renal cyst	2 (18.2)	1 (11.1)	0.666
Renal calculi	5 (45.4)	1 (11.1)	0.104
Obstruction	5 (45.4)	0 (0)	0.022	0.042	1.91 (1.11-2.71)

Categorical variables [n (%)] and Continuous variables [mean±SD]. *P<0.05 is considered statistically significant. HTN-hypertension, CKD-chronic kidney disease, BP- blood pressure, BMI-body mass index, HHS- hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, DKA-diabetic ketoacidosis, MODS-multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, EPN-emphysematous pyelonephritis, AKI-acute kidney injury, FBG-fasting blood glucose, PP-post prandial, HbA1c-glycosylated hemoglobin, and eGFR-estimated glomerular filtration rate