Table 2. Adults aged 45 years or older with a hypertension diagnosis, missed opportunity for diagnosis or potential diagnosis, India, 2017–2018.
| Characteristic | Adjusted % (95% CI) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosed | Missed opportunity for diagnosisa |
Potentially diagnosedd | |||
| Total | Public facilityb | Private facilityc | |||
| Overall | 54.8 (53.5 to 56.1) | 22.6 (21.3 to 23.8) | 9.0 (8.3 to 9.7) | 16.7 (15.6 to 17.7) | 77.3 (76.2 to 78.5) |
| Expenditure quintile,e P value | < 0.001 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.475 | < 0.001 |
| Poorest | 43.6 (41.1 to 46.1) | 26.0 (23.8 to 28.2) | 11.4 (9.9 to 13.0) | 18.4 (16.2 to 20.7) | 69.4 (67.2 to 71.6) |
| Poorer | 50.1 (47.6 to 52.6) | 24.6 (22.5 to 26.7) | 11.0 (9.6 to 12.5) | 17.1 (15.2 to 19.0) | 74.6 (72.6 to 76.6) |
| Middle | 54.6 (52.1 to 57.2) | 22.6 (20.8 to 24.5) | 9.1 (7.9 to 10.3) | 16.6 (14.9 to 18.3) | 77.2 (75.0 to 79.4) |
| Richer | 60.2 (58.2 to 62.3) | 21.3 (19.6 to 22.9) | 8.0 (6.9 to 9.1) | 16.2 (14.7 to 17.7) | 81.5 (80.0 to 83.0) |
| Richest | 62.2 (60.0 to 64.3) | 19.5 (16.6 to 22.4) | 6.5 (5.1 to 7.9) | 15.4 (12.9 to 18.0) | 81.8 (79.7 to 83.9) |
| Education, P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| No schooling | 47.0 (45.2 to 48.8) | 25.5 (23.9 to 27.1) | 11.2 (10.1 to 12.3) | 18.1 (16.7 to 19.5) | 72.0 (70.3 to 73.7) |
| 0 to 4 years | 55.6 (52.6 to 58.5) | 25.6 (23.2 to 28.1) | 10.6 (8.9 to 12.4) | 19.3 (17.0 to 21.5) | 81.1 (78.9 to 83.4) |
| 5 to 9 years | 59.9 (57.6 to 62.2) | 21.2 (19.4 to 23.0) | 7.8 (6.8 to 8.9) | 16.3 (14.7 to 17.9) | 80.9 (79.1 to 82.8) |
| ≥ 10 years | 67.7 (65.4 to 70.1) | 15.5 (13.1 to 18.0) | 4.7 (3.7 to 5.7) | 12.3 (10.3 to 14.4) | 82.9 (81.1 to 84.7) |
| Age (years), P value | < 0.001 | 0.339 | 0.956 | 0.049 | < 0.001 |
| 45 to 54 | 48.0 (45.5 to 50.6) | 23.6 (21.5 to 25.7) | 9.2 (8.1 to 10.4) | 17.6 (15.9 to 19.4) | 71.7 (68.6 to 74.9) |
| 55 to 64 | 55.0 (52.6 to 57.4) | 22.7 (21.0 to 24.5) | 8.8 (7.8 to 9.9) | 17.1 (15.5 to 18.7) | 77.7 (76.0 to 79.4) |
| 65 to 74 | 59.0 (56.6 to 61.4) | 22.1 (20.4 to 23.9) | 9.1 (8.0 to 10.2) | 16.3 (14.7 to 17.9) | 81.1 (79.3 to 82.9) |
| ≥ 75 | 59.0 (56.1 to 61.9) | 21.1 (18.7 to 23.4) | 8.9 (6.9 to 11.0) | 14.3 (12.2 to 16.3) | 80.0 (77.7 to 82.2) |
| Sex, P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.003 | < 0.001 |
| Male | 48.8 (47.2 to 50.5) | 24.3 (22.7 to 25.9) | 9.9 (8.8 to 11.0) | 17.9 (16.5 to 19.2) | 73.2 (71.4 to 74.9) |
| Female | 59.5 (57.7 to 61.2) | 21.2 (19.8 to 22.6) | 8.3 (7.6 to 9.1) | 15.7 (14.5 to 16.9) | 80.6 (79.2 to 82.0) |
| Location, P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Rural | 49.5 (47.9 to 51.1) | 25.2 (24.0 to 26.4) | 10.3 (9.5 to 11.2) | 18.6 (17.4 to 19.7) | 74.6 (73.2 to 75.9) |
| Urban | 64.4 (62.6 to 66.2) | 17.8 (15.6 to 20.0) | 6.6 (5.5 to 7.8) | 13.2 (11.4 to 15.0) | 82.3 (80.4 to 84.2) |
| Caste, P value | < 0.001 | 0.128 | < 0.001 | 0.003 | < 0.001 |
| Scheduled caste | 51.9 (49.3 to 54.4) | 24.5 (22.6 to 26.5) | 12.4 (10.8 to 14.1) | 17.2 (15.4 to 19.0) | 76.3 (74.3 to 78.4) |
| Scheduled tribe | 36.3 (32.6 to 39.9) | 23.2 (20.3 to 26.1) | 14.2 (11.7 to 16.6) | 12.0 (9.6 to 14.5) | 59.5 (56.0 to 62.9) |
| Other Backward Class | 54.9 (53.0 to 56.9) | 22.2 (20.2 to 24.3) | 8.2 (7.1 to 9.2) | 16.6 (14.9 to 18.4) | 77.2 (75.4 to 79.0) |
| Others | 61.2 (59.3 to 63.1) | 21.7 (20.0 to 23.3) | 6.9 (6.0 to 7.8) | 17.5 (15.9 to 19.1) | 83.0 (81.6 to 84.3) |
| Religion, P value | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.004 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Hindu | 53.6 (52.1 to 55.1) | 23.1 (21.8 to 24.4) | 9.4 (8.6 to 10.1) | 17.0 (15.8 to 18.1) | 76.7 (75.5 to 77.9) |
| Muslim | 60.4 (57.5 to 63.2) | 21.4 (17.6 to 25.2) | 7.9 (6.2 to 9.7) | 16.8 (13.2 to 20.4) | 81.8 (79.0 to 84.6) |
| Christian | 54.2 (49.4 to 59.0) | 16.8 (14.0 to 19.7) | 9.6 (7.0 to 12.1) | 8.6 (6.5 to 10.6) | 70.8 (66.6 to 75.0) |
| Others | 61.0 (56.5 to 65.4) | 20.1 (16.5 to 23.7) | 5.8 (3.9 to 7.7) | 15.7 (12.5 to 18.9) | 81.0 (77.5 to 84.5) |
| Marital status, P value | 0.009 | 0.942 | 0.013 | 0.078 | 0.004 |
| Married | 55.4 (53.7 to 57.1) | 22.7 (21.2 to 24.1) | 8.4 (7.6 to 9.2) | 17.3 (16.0 to 18.7) | 78.1 (76.8 to 79.4) |
| Widowed | 54.0 (51.8 to 56.1) | 22.3 (20.4 to 24.2) | 10.4 (9.1 to 11.7) | 15.1 (13.5 to 16.6) | 76.2 (74.0 to 78.4) |
| Others | 45.6 (39.2 to 52.0) | 22.7 (17.8 to 27.5) | 11.3 (7.7 to 14.8) | 15.4 (11.0 to 19.8) | 68.2 (62.0 to 74.4) |
| Living arrangement, P value | 0.054 | 0.028 | 0.003 | 0.181 | 0.010 |
| Alone | 50.4 (45.9 to 54.9) | 28.2 (24.0 to 32.5) | 14.3 (11.1 to 17.6) | 17.1 (13.6 to 20.5) | 78.5 (74.9 to 82.1) |
| With spouse | 53.6 (50.8 to 56.4) | 22.7 (20.5 to 25.0) | 9.1 (7.6 to 10.6) | 16.4 (14.6 to 18.2) | 76.2 (73.7 to 78.8) |
| With children | 56.1 (54.2 to 57.9) | 22.6 (20.8 to 24.3) | 8.3 (7.3 to 9.2) | 17.5 (15.8 to 19.2) | 78.6 (77.4 to 79.8) |
| Others | 53.8 (51.7 to 55.8) | 21.5 (19.7 to 23.4) | 9.6 (8.4 to 10.8) | 15.0 (13.5 to 16.6) | 75.1 (72.9 to 77.4) |
| Working status, P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Working | 44.5 (42.4 to 46.6) | 27.0 (25.0 to 29.0) | 10.4 (9.2 to 11.5) | 20.2 (18.3 to 22.2) | 71.6 (69.8 to 73.4) |
| Previously worked | 59.3 (57.3 to 61.2) | 22.5 (21.0 to 24.0) | 9.5 (8.4 to 10.7) | 16.5 (15.1 to 17.8) | 81.9 (80.1 to 83.8) |
| Never worked | 64.3 (62.0 to 66.6) | 16.4 (14.6 to 18.2) | 6.6 (5.5 to 7.6) | 11.9 (10.4 to 13.3) | 80.9 (79.2 to 82.5) |
| Health insurance, P value | 0.232 | 0.373 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.633 |
| No | 54.5 (53.1 to 55.9) | 22.7 (21.4 to 24.1) | 8.3 (7.6 to 9.1) | 17.3 (16.0 to 18.5) | 77.2 (75.8 to 78.6) |
| Yes | 56.0 (53.6 to 58.3) | 21.9 (20.2 to 23.6) | 11.6 (10.2 to 13.1) | 14.4 (12.9 to 15.8) | 77.8 (76.0 to 79.6) |
AYUSH: Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy; CI: confidence interval.
a We defined missed opportunity as people with hypertension who reported no hypertension diagnosis and used health care in the last 12 months. There were 372 cases that had reported visit to health-care provider but not to a health centre.
b Public health care includes subcentres, primary health centres or urban health centres, community health centres, district or subdistrict hospital, tertiary hospital or AYUSH hospital.
c Private health care includes private hospital or nursing home, private clinic, nongovernmental organization or Church-run hospital or private AYUSH hospital.
d Potentially diagnosed is diagnosed people plus people who have missed the opportunity for diagnosis.
e The expenditure is the monthly per capita consumption expenditure. More details in the data repository.25
Note: Sample size is 27 124 participants. Adjusted for age and sex. Unadjusted estimates in data repository.25