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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021 Sep 1;178:113956. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113956

Table 1:

Delivery systems studied for vaginal vaccination

Dosage form Description Vaccine type/Antigen Adjuvanting activity Features Source
Vaginal ring Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVAc) Protein Ferritin No Controlled release, retention time, antigen stability [79]
Silicone elastomer + ag-loaded hydropropylmethylcellulose inserts Protein BSA No Controlled release, retention time, formulation versatility, antigen stability [80]
Silicone elastomer + ag-loaded hydroxymethylcellulose inserts Protein HIV-1 CN54 gp140 No [74]
Vaginal disk EVAc Plasmid DNA Sperm enzyme No Controlled release, retention time, antigen stability [81]
EVAc Protein Ovalbumin (OVA) No [82]
Nanoparticles/nanocomplexes Anionic PEG amino nanocomplexes Adenoviral vector HIV gag p24 Yes: TAT peptide coating Vaginal retention, controlled release, antigen stability, mucus penetration, cellular targeting, formulation versatility [84]
Calcium phosphate (CAP) nanoparticles Protein HSV-2 Yes: CAP [109]
Polystyrene nanospheres Inactivated virus HIV-1 Yes: Concavalin-A lecton [83]
Gel Poly-acrylic acid (Carbopol) gel Protein HIV-1 CN54 gp140 No Vaginal retention, antigen stability, formulation versatility [73,76,85]
Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) gel Protein HIV-1 CN54 gp140 No Vaginal retention, mucoadhesion, antigen stability, formulation versatility [87]
Thermosensitive poloxamer Protein HIV-1 CN54 gp140 No [54,88]
Liposome-loaded HEC gelling rods Protein HIV-1 CN54 gp140 No [86]
Mucojet Needle-free jet injector Plasmid DNA OVA No Vaginal coating and retention, mucus penetration, antigen stability, formulation versatility [89]
Needle-free jet injector + stearoyl (STR) peptide carrier Plasmid DNA OVA Yes: STR carrier Vaginal coating and retention, mucus penetration, formulation versatility, antigen stability, cellular targeting [90]
Microneedle Array Liposome-loaded MA Protein HSV-2 gD Yes: mannosylated/ stealth lipid A-coating + ammonium bicarbonate Vaginal retention, mucus penetration, formulation versatility, antigen stability, cellular targeting, immune response modulation [110]