Fig. 8. Induction of cytoprotection by GA-MTS-H₃R₉.

(A) Anticancer activity of each peptide. AC16 cells were exposed to 6.25 μM of GA, MTS, MTS-H₃R₆, MTS-H₃R₉, GA-MTS-H₃R₆, and GA-MTS-H₃R₉ for 24 h. Apoptosis levels for each group were measured by flow cytometry analysis after annexin V staining. Q1 indicates necrotic cells. Q2 indicates late apoptotic cells, Q3 indicates intact cells, and Q4 indicates early apoptotic cells. (B) Caspase-3 activity of each peptide. AC16 cells were treated using the same conditions as those in panel (A). Caspase-3 activity was assessed as described in Methods. Data are indicted as the mean ± SD (n = 3). GA, gallic acid; MTS, mitochondria targeting sequence. **p < 0.01.