Table 1.
Summary of the clinical trials of immunotherapy for COVID-19 (www.clinicaltrails.com)
| Treatment | Phase | Drug/method | Clinical trial |
|---|---|---|---|
| IFN | 2 | IFN-β1a (SNG001) | NCT04385095, NCT04860518, NCT04330690 |
| 2 | IFN-λ | NCT04354259, NCT04534673 | |
| 2 | IFN-β1b | NCT04465695, NCT04647695, NCT04494399, | |
| 3 | IFN-λ | NCT04967430 | |
| 4 | IFN-β1a | NCT04350671 | |
| NA | Nasal IFN-γ | NCT05054114 | |
| 2 | Inhaled IFN-α and IFN-β | NCT04469491 | |
| Antibody-based therapy | 1 | VIR-7831 (sotrovimab) | NCT04988152 |
| 2 | VIR-7831 (sotrovimab) | NCT04779879 | |
| 2, 3 | Bamlanivimab + etesevimab | NCT04427501 | |
| 3 | VIR-7831 (sotrovimab) | NCT04913675 | |
| 3 | Casirivimab + imdevimab | NCT01152318 | |
| 1, 2 | Convalescent plasma | NCT04521309 | |
| 2 | Convalescent plasma | NCT04347681, NCT04644198 | |
| 2, 3 | Convalescent plasma | NCT04891172 | |
| 2 | PD-1 blocking antibody | NCT04268537, NCT04356508, NCT04413838 | |
| 2 | Narsoplimab (anti-MASP-2) | NCT04488081 | |
| 2 | Anti-CD14 mAb | NCT04391309 | |
| 2 | Leronlimab (anti-CCR5) | NCT04343651, NCT04347239 | |
| 3 | Leronlimab (anti-CCR5) | NCT04901676, NCT04901689 | |
| 2 | Bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) | NCT04344782, NCT04275414 | |
| 3 | Bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) | NCT04822818 | |
| Vaccine therapy | |||
| mRNA vaccines | 1 | BNT162b1 | NCT04523571 |
| 1 | mRNA-1273 | NCT04283461 | |
| 1 | PTX-COVID19-B | NCT04765436 | |
| 2 | CVnCoV | NCT04515147 | |
| 2, 3 | BNT162b2 | NCT04368728 | |
| 2, 3 | mRNA-1273 | NCT04649151 | |
| 2, 3 | SCTV01C | NCT05043311 | |
| 2, 3 | CVnCoV | NCT04652102 | |
| 3 | mRNA-1273 | NCT04470427 | |
| 3 | CVnCoV | NCT04674189 | |
| DNA vaccines | 1 | GX-19N | NCT04915989 |
| 1 | CORVax | NCT04627675 | |
| 1 | INO-4800 | NCT04336410 | |
| 1 | COCIGEN | NCT04742842 | |
| 1, 2 | COVID-eVax | NCT04788459 | |
| 1, 2 | GX-19N | NCT04715997 | |
| 1, 2 | GX-19 | NCT04445389 | |
| 1, 2 | Covigenix VAX-001 | NCT04591184 | |
| 1, 2 | AG0301-COVID19 | NCT04463472 | |
| 1, 2 | AG0302-COVID19 | NCT04527081, NCT04993586 | |
| 1, 2 | GLS-5310 | NCT04673149 | |
| 2, 3 | INO-4800 | NCT04642638 | |
| 2, 3 | AG0302-COVID19 | NCT04655625 | |
| Shingles vaccines | 1 | MVA-SARS-2-S vaccine | NCT04569383 |
| 3 | HZ/su (herpes zoster subunit) | NCT05047770 | |
| Adenovirus | 1 | Ad5-nCoV | NCT04568811 |
| 2 | Ad5-nCoV | NCT05005156 | |
| Treatment | Phase | Drug/method | NCT ID |
| Protein vaccines | 1 | Protein vaccine (V-01) | NCT05050474 |
| 1 | Spike protein vaccine | NCT04982068 | |
| 1 | COVAX19 | NCT04453852 | |
| 1, 2 | EuCorVac-19 | NCT04783311 | |
| 1, 2 | RBD candidate vaccine | NCT05007509 | |
| 2 | Spike protein vaccine | NCT04990544 | |
| 3 | Recombinant protein vaccines | NCT04904549 | |
| Live-attenuated virus vaccines | 1 | COVI-VAC | NCT04619628 |
| 1 | MV-014-212 | NCT04798001 | |
| Cytokine storm management | |||
| IL-17 inhibitors | 1, 2 | Secukinumab | NCT04731116 |
| 3 | Ixekizumab | NCT04724629 | |
| 2 | Gimsilumab | NCT04351243 | |
| 2 | Sargramostim | NCT04707664 | |
| IL-1 receptor inhibitors | 2, 3 | Anakinra | NCT04357366, NCT04643678 |
| 3 | Canakinumab | NCT04348448, NCT04362813 | |
| TNF-α inhibitors | NA | Infliximab | NCT04734678 |
| 2 | Infliximab | NCT04922827, NCT04425538 | |
| 3 | Infliximab | NCT04593940 | |
| IL-6 receptor inhibitors | 2, 3 | Tocilizumab | NCT04332094, NCT04335071, NCT04356937, NCT04377659, NCT04577534 |
| 2, 3 | Sarilumab | NCT04315298, NCT04357808, NCT04357860, NCT04327388 | |
| 3 | Canakinumab | NCT04362813 | |
| IFN-γ inhibitors | 2, 3 | Emapalumab + anakinra | NCT04324021 |
| GM-CSF inhibitors | 2 | Otilimab | NCT04376684 |
| 2 | Gimsilumab | NCT04351243 | |
| 2, 3 | TJ003234 | NCT04341116 | |
| 3 | Lenzilumab | NCT04351152 | |
| C5 inhibitors | 2 | Eculizumab | NCT04288713, NCT04346797 |
| C3 inhibitors | 2 | AMY-101 | NCT04395456 |
| Steroids | Dexamethasone and methylprednisolone | NCT04909918 | |
| JAK inhibitors | 2, 3 | Baricitinib | NCT04321993, NCT04358614 |
| 2, 3 | Ruxolitinib | NCT04362137, NCT04348071 | |
| 2, 3 | Tofacitinib | NCT04750317, NCT04469114 | |
| BTK inhibitors | 2 | Ibrutinib | NCT04375397, NCT04665115, NCT04439006 |
| 2 | Acalabrutinib | NCT04382586, NCT04346199 | |
| Cell therapy | |||
| Mesenchymal stem cells | 1, 2 | Blood-derived MSCs | NCT04565665 |
| 1, 2 | UC-MSC | NCT04288102, NCT04333368, NCT04490486 | |
| 1 | Dental pulp MSCs | NCT04302519 | |
| NK cells | 1 | NK cells | NCT04280224 |
| CAR-NK cells | 1, 2 | NKG2D-ACE2 CAR-NK | NCT04324996 |
| Dendritic cells | 1, 2 | AV-COVID-19 | NCT04690387, NCT05007496, NCT04386252 |
| T cells | 1, 2 | PD-1 and ACE2 Knockout T | NCT04990557 |
| 1, 2 | Allogeneic Hybrid TREG/Th2 | NCT04482699 | |
NA, not available.