Table 2.
The occurrence and density of PPE associated with COVID-19 in different environments.
| Location | State of the environment | Sampling sites | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agadir; Morocco | During and after the lockdown, the average PPE density ranged from 0 to 5.78 × 10−5 items/m2 and 5.81 × 10−6 to 5.60 × 10−4 items/m2, respectively. | 11 sites were observed along the beach | (Haddad et al., 2021) |
| Bangkok; Thailand | Cumulative mask flux rate was 0.30 items/km/day. | Three streets in the city (13 km total path) | (Tesfaldet et al., 2022) |
| Bushehr; Iran | 574 face masks observed on the first day of sampling along the shores of Bushehr. | 9 observation sites on sandy and rocky beaches | (Akhbarizadeh et al., 2021) |
| Cilincing, Marunda; Indonesia | Face mask abundance in March and April 2020 increased by 1.51% and 1.36% at Cilincing and Marunda outlet, respectively. | Two river outlets | (Cordova et al., 2021) |
| Cox's Bazar; Bangladesh | The density of PPE ranged from 3.16 × 10−4 to 2.18 × 10−2 items/m2. | 13 sites were observed along the beach | (Rakib et al., 2021) |
| Ile-Ife; Nigeria | Face mask littering along a highway and drainage system. | Highway and drainage system. | (Fadare and Okoffo, 2020) |
| Kwale, Kilifi, Mombasa; Kenya | <0.1 items/m COVID-19 related litter along streets, 0.1 items/m2 on the beach, and 66 items/km2 floating litter. | Street, beaches, and floating litter on the ocean | (Okuku et al., 2021) |
| Kumasi, Abenase; Ghana | The density of face mask ranged from 0.04 to 0.42 items/m. | A metropolitan, municipal, community and an institution were surveyed (total length = 1720 m) | (Amuah et al., 2022) |
| Mersin, Adana, Niğde; Turkey | The density of face masks was 170, 210, and 166 items/km2 in Mersin, Adana, and Niğde, respectively. | 3 cities were observed for face mask littering | (Akarsu et al., 2021) |
| Northern, central; Chile | The average density of face masks along the sandy beaches was 2.75 items/km and along the rocky shore was 0.74 items/km. | 4 coastal areas: two sandy beaches and two rocky shores | (Thiel et al., 2021) |
| Soko Islands; Hong Kong | 70 face masks encountered along the beach. | 100 m stretch of the beach | (Bondaroff and Cooke, 2020) |
| Quebec; Canada | The density of mask litter was 0.0001 ± 0.00006 items/m2. | A walking pilgrimage of 3 m wide and 250 km length | (Maderuelo-Sanz et al., 2021) |
| Toronto, Ontario; Canada | The cumulative sum of face masks in each sampling site ranges from 10 to 165 items. | Residential area, commercial grocery store parking lots, a recreational trail, and a hospital district | (Ammendolia et al., 2021) |