TABLE 3.
Associations between cumulative changes in adult household caregiving structure and well-being outcomes, Positive Outcomes for Orphans study, Sub-Saharan Africa and South and Southeast Asia, 2006–2015.
| Orphans | Total difficulties 1 (N = 1,356) | Cognitive functioning 2 (N = 1,359) | Incident abuse 3 (N = 1,356) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure | Mean difference, 95% CI | Mean difference, 95% CI | RR, 95% CI | |||
| 0 changes | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 1 change | 0.23 | (−0.33, 0.79) | −0.07 | (−0.40, 0.27) | 0.93 | (0.57, 1.53) |
| 2 changes | 0.57 | (0.00, 1.16) | −0.04 | (−0.45, 0.37) | 0.92 | (0.57, 1.49) |
| ≥3 changes | 0.73 | (0.18, 1.29) | −0.14 | (−0.59, 0.30) | 1.07 | (0.75, 1.54) |
| Non-Orphans | Total Difficulties (N = 271) | Cognitive Functioning (N = 271) | Incident abuse (N = 271) | |||
| Exposure | mean difference, 95% CI | mean difference, 95% CI | RR, 95% CI | |||
| 0 changes | ref | ref | ref | |||
| 1 change | 0.77 | (−0.52, 2.06) | −0.16 | (−1.03, 0.72) | 1.07 | (0.36, 3.12) |
| 2 changes | 0.14 | (−1.05, 1.33) | 0.32 | (−0.52, 1.17) | 0.38 | (0.06, 2.36) |
| ≥3 changes | 0.89 | (−0.38, 2.16) | 0.53 | (−0.36, 1.43) | 2.40 | (0.90, 6.37) |
1
Total difficulties is a continuous score ranging from 0 to 40, where a higher score indicates worse emotional well-being.
2
Cognitive functioning is a continuous measure ranging from 0 to 15, where a lower score indicates lower functioning.
3
Incident abuse is a binary indicator of past-year experience of physical or sexual abuse.
RR, risk ratio; CI, confidence interval.