Table 1.

Studies describing the impact of neoantigen load evaluation in the clinical research.

Type of cancer	No of investigated patients	Test for NAL	Group	Drug/treatment	Result (whether NAL is associated with clinical benefit)	Reference
Melanoma	110	WES	High/low	Ipilimumab	YES	(62)
Melanoma	38	WES	High/low	Pembrolizumab and nivolumab	NO	(63)
Non–small cell lung cancer	34	WES	High/low	Pembrolizumab	YES	(6)
Non–small cell lung cancer	NR	RNA-sequencing	High/low	NR	YES	(60)
Non–small cell lung cancer	139	NR	High/low	PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade	YES	(64)
Breast cancer	835	WES and RNA sequencing	high/medium/low	NR	YES	(65)
Gynecologic and breast cancers	812	RNA-sequencing	high/medium/low	Immunotherapy	YES	(61)
Endometrial cancers	150	WES	High/low	Immunotherapy	YES	(66)
Ovarian carcinoma	80	WES and RNA sequencing	High/low	Carboplatin plus paclitaxel	YES	(67)
Ovarian cancer	253	WES	High/low	PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors	YES	(42)
Bladder tumors	37	RNA sequencing	High/low	Durvalumab	YES	(68)
Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer	38	WES	High/low	NR	NO	(69)
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma	97	WES and RNA sequencing	High/low	Surgery alone or surgery plus cytokines tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors	NO	(70)
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma	592	WES and RNA sequencing	High/low	PD-1 blockade	NO	(71)
Multiple myeloma	184	WES and RNA sequencing	High/low	Chemotherapy, or immunotherapy	YES	(72)
Osteosarcoma	321	WES	High/low	Pembrolizumab	YES	(73)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	22	WES and RNA sequencing	High/low	Surgery alone or surgery plus chemoradiotherapy	NO	(74)

CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; NAL, neoantigen load; NR, not reported; PD-1, programmed death receptor 1; PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1; WES, whole-exome sequencing.